Mexican American Essay

This week we learned how Mexicans are stereotyped negatively in the media, they are Stereotyped as being only portrayed as having very low paying jobs and as criminals. Furthermore even in the Latin media in telenovelas the actresses are mainly white with blonde hair. Seeing Mexicans portrayed as heroes is a rarity because according to the society Mexicans are minorities. Another stereotype is that almost all Mexicans are illegal’s. Discrimination was also a big issue in the 20th century, Mexicans-Americans were lynched in the years of 1848 and 1928. Furthermore, even in restaurants Mexicans were discriminated against in the same manner as African Americans before they had their civil rights. The debate that we were discussing was how wrong it was for Mexicans to be discriminated against in this way. In addition, statistics show that only 7 percent of Mexican-Americans graduate from college, meaning that an education isn’t really a top priority for Mexican Americans. In children’s cartoons it is rare to find a latino or latina character with a positive Influence, for example speedy Gonzalez was invented because of an affair that the wife of the creator of the cartoon had with a Mexican, in my opinion this is simply ridiculous and it simply made Mexicans look bad morally. Another example that as a class we looked at were Disney princesses, the first Disney princess to be made in face does not look â€Å"latina†. Typical Latinas have tan skin and brown eyes yet the new princess is fair skinned with green eyes. This only shows that according to American creators a princess cannot be brown or she is considered â€Å"ugly†. In my opinion this is simply racist and it only makes latina girls who have brown skin feel inferior to fair skinned girls. According to statistics a small amount of Americans view Mexicans as violent, dirty and as drunkards simply because of how the media has portrayed them In the media. These media portrayals and in my opinion they should show how Mexicans really are by that i mean the honest hardworking men and women that have helped this country become such a great country.

Kfc – the Best Fast-Food Restaurant

EBA203 UI -:Nguy? n Xuan Luan: 100035 [pic] 1. Why is KFC famous? Kentucky Fried Chicken, better known as KFC, is the largest chicken restaurant KFC is an internationally fast food industry in the world. KFC began with Colonel Harland Sanders, in America in the year 1939. They have the main ambition to increase & maintain the quality in fast food industry. Their aim is to capture the fast food market. Every day, more than 12 million customers are served at KFC restaurants in 109 countries and territories around the world more than 15,000 units around the world.When you try to experience with the services, the qualities, the taste, the price and the conveniences in KFC’s restaurants, you can find that the successes of KFC in worldwide market isn’t random. It relate closely to many factors, such as brand development strategy, strategic of management, development of human resources and the particular secret of KFC is market strategy in the environment â€Å"International Culture† †¢ Quality is the number one. In addition kfc famous brand, there are many other fast food brands besides like: Lotteria .. etc.The reason why KFC can rise leading full of fierce competition due to continuously improve product quality and service quality, the quality of raw materials. In addition, KFC through reputable agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) certification testing and using chicken is fully cooked to ensure hygienic; KFC also through the mass media committed to 100% KFC chicken products sold are processed at high temperatures during the period from 2 minutes 30 seconds to 14 minutes 30 seconds, so consumers can feel secure Customer dung.Khach Centre not only enjoy quality service at the restaurant, but also can enjoy the food service brought to you quickly, hygiene, punctuality, service personnel with a caring attitude affable and polite [pic][pic] †¢ Select the correct location to store construction program of action Location is an important factor leading business in the field of food and drinks, especially fast food. The selected location is not only a prerequisite, â€Å"golden key† to decide the success of the brand but also the premise and foundation for brand can provide standard services, single simple and professional.Therefore, KFC attaches great importance to the selection of sites for a fast food restaurant. Often, KFC selected locations to be approved by two levels, local companies and corporations. The probability of success in the site selection process KFC business almost reached 100%. Once through market surveys seriously, KFC always choose the big city is the target market to develop supply store. [pic][pic] †¢ Flavor featured, affordable Crispy lemon chicken is seasoned by lemon fiber sprinkled all chicken pieces makes the dish more delicious, more attractive.Diners as awaken all the senses at the same time, from straw yellow chicken pieces to the aromatic smell of spices prep ared meticulously and when finished enjoying brings balance the ease and unforgettable. [pic][pic] In 1939, Sanders has invented a unique Kentucky chicken recipes with 11 ingredients and flavors of different herbs and he called his dish â€Å"food replacement meals at home† for family busy family, with very line hopvoi the price of each object income, the portion corresponding to James can replace daily meals but still enough, everyone can enjoy KFC is easy and convenient KFC limit: Besides the convenience of restaurants, there are certain limits. Today, with the development of economy, people tend to be simple fast to meet demand, there are many fast food stores to grow, with new flavors, intense competition with KFC. Also, today, in Asia in general and VET in particular, fast food accounts for 10% of the menu of the people, not the majority as other countries such as: England, United States †¦. South, people still preferred meal, with the fussy and more nutritious.Fina lly, fast food is concentrated in some parts, certain age, can not cover all the subjects, the difference in food culture is also a major obstacle affecting the development of kfc 3. If you are in charge of the KFC brand expansion in Vietnam market I will proceed as follows: a: Market research – building goals Situation Analysis of socio-economic, cultural and Vietnam, the current status of development of the fast food market in Vietnam to have accurate assessment of market size, growth rate and the level of competition on truong.Phan of the strengths, limitations and dynamics of KFC before and after the implementation of the strategy to penetrate the Vietnamese market. Evaluate the successes and limitations of the Marketing-Mix strategy of KFC in the past, and propose some ideas and measures to KFC continues to maintain its position in the Vietnamese market in the near future . [pic][pic] b. Overview vietnam fast food market Vietnam – a country that ranks as the most populous country in the world, ith a young population structure and economic growth potential is considered as an attractive market for the food business group fast (fast food). According to estimates by market survey company Euromonitor, sales of fast food areas in Vietnam is still modest, from 12. 5 billion in 1999, increased to 19. 6 billion in 2002, fell to 13. 5 billion winter 2004 and from 16 billion in 2007 to approximately 20. 1 billion in 2009. Only about 10% of the population have used fast food habits.This number is too small compared with neighboring countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, China, India has more than 70% of consumers eat fast food at least one time / month. And about 90% of the number of Vietnamese consumers are not familiar with the fast food will provide an opportunity for entrepreneurs to exploit. In short, if I was manager in charge of expansion kfc Vietnam, in the current era of knowledge economy, ahead of the competition is extremely fierce and fierce international market, to develop the brand, businesses need to focus on improving the quality of services, ranging from visible to invisible. pplication of advanced marketing strategies, particularly marketing strategy in environments with â€Å"culture†, to the consumers living in different cultures, whether China, Japan and Vietnam are remembered this brand even once. In the context of globalization, modern businesses need to pay special attention to the integration of culture; focuses on developing marketing strategies such as strengthening cultural product development, brand building, building develop corporate culture, at the same time, in the fierce competition of the market, faced with the concept of different values f each object, each ethnic group, businesses need to know to apply flexible strategies sales marketing strategy, which can stand on the international market, creating a powerful breakthrough in the process of brand development business. [pic][pic] [pic][ pic] Some of my work here is all. students for submission

Health and Safety Essay

Health and safety questions one; Health and safety is implemented through the settings health and safety policy which all staff must read and follow and is available from the school office. The health and safety at work act 1974 places a duty on all employers to safeguard so far as is reasonably practicable the health, safety and welfare of all their employees. In addition to this, duties extend to cover the health and safety of persons not employed but who may be affected by the work activities undertaken such as pupils, visitors, contractors, ect. The authority retains the above responsibilities under local management of schools as an employer in the same way the governing body of academies, aided and trust schools, but it is important to realise that all employees have legal duties under the health and safety at work act, to co-operate with their employer so far as is reasonably practicable to ensure a safe and healthy place of work. This local statement of safety policy is not intended to replace the wirral local authority’s policy but to detail individual schools’ arrangements and organisation for health and safety. The settings governing body will strive to achieve the highest standards of health, safety and welfare consistent with their responsibilities under the health and safety at work act 1974 and other statutory and common law duties to provide a safe and healthy work place for all its employees, pupils, visitors, and other persona who may be affected by its activities. The head teacher and governing body will take all reasonable steps to ensure that the authority’s safety policy is implemented and, that local authority’s policy and guidance documents are followed and monitored throughout the school. This policy will be brought to the attention of, and/or issued to all members of staff on induction and annual refresher at the start of each school year. it is essential for the success of this safety policy that all employees recognise their responsibilities in co-operating with management on health and safety issues and taking care of themselves and other persons whilst at work.

Practice Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Practice Study - Essay Example Recently the client was diagnosed with fronto-temporal lobe dementia. Client denies his mental illness condition and allegations. During the study the focus had been in the theories of social work, medical studies, psychology and others to gain knowledge to guide our understanding to understand the reaction pattern of the client and help him. The study also has an objective to understand its contribution to the development of the student of social work. Various theories of social work have been studied. Based on the background and medical history of the client and inputs from various working professionals like supervisor, GP, psychologist and others the appropriate theories have been practiced. The client would be referred as BM to preserve the confidentiality under Data Protection Act 1970. The involvement in the case of BM was due to the eighty-day placement requirement of the study. To understand background of the client the first requirement was to study his recorded file. The information from this source can be grouped in: BM belongs to the senior citizen group. His age is 73 years. He is of the Caribbean origin. BM is originally from Jamaica. He had come to UK in 1956. He lives alone. BM case is a good example of race and ethnicity. He is being treated equally and getting the proper care and support by the professionals irrespective of their age, sex, community or race. With the prior experience in first placement and knowledge expansion the priority was to understand the background and specifications about the client to apply any practice theory. Among these the most important factor here was client’s physical and mental health. Client has a divorced life and has been in touch with his son. Family support for the client was the minimum. He has a lonely life. In December 2004, BM was admitted under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act 1983. The

Anthropogenic and Natural Causes of Global Warming Essay

Anthropogenic and Natural Causes of Global Warming - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of global warming is defined as the result of the accumulation of CO2 and other emissions that trap heat in the atmosphere. Moreover, it is considered as â€Å"the worst and most complicated issue† that world leaders have to deal with nowadays. Basically, global warming affects all people on earth, especially those in areas with extreme air pollution. Global warming also further affects the human race through increase in the occurrence of infectious diseases because those microorganisms that thrive only in high temperatures are supported by the increasing heat. According to Trimarchi, this and the other calamities that global warming brings with it will further lead to various other negative effects like famine, war and starvation. Global warming will also affect the environment itself through the occurrence of various storms and hurricanes, extreme drought in some parts of the world while abnormally increased precipitation in other s, heat waves, melting of the polar ice caps, rise in sea levels and the eventual destruction of the tundra and freshwater ecosystems. Such effects will not only destroy ecosystems but will also eventually cause a series of events that ultimately leads to chaos in and destruction of the human society. Based on a report by the U.S. National Research Council in 2006, â€Å"The Earth is the hottest it has been in at least 400 years†. Furthermore, according to the same report, the latest global temperature increase of 0.3 °C to 0.6 °C is in fact the â€Å"largest† increase in surface temperature in 1,000 years.... Furthermore, according to the same report, the latest global temperature increase of 0.3 °C to 0.6 °C is in fact the â€Å"largest† increase in surface temperature in 1,000 years (â€Å"Global Warming,† Stanford 2008). The main culprit behind this, according to most scientists and publications, is greenhouse gases. The greenhouse gases that cause global warming include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, but among these, carbon dioxide has the most volume in the atmosphere at 55%, and is therefore regarded as the main cause of anthropogenic or man-made global warming (Ganesh 2011). There is, however, the question of what is the exact cause of global warming and how much of it is brought about by nature and how much is caused by man. Does present research and scientific literature shed light on these issues or do we need further research on them? In order to remedy the situation and prevent its dire effects, there is therefore undoubtedly a g reat need to know the exact causes of global warming as well as how many of them is contributed by man and how much by nature. There is also a need to know the issues surrounding these causes. Literature Reviews The Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Factor One of the causes of global warming is the release of carbon dioxide, or CO2, especially from the industrial processes involved in the burning of fossil fuels (â€Å"Global Warming,† Geowise.com, 2006). Among these fossil fuels, coal, which is increasingly being used in the United States and China, contributes the greatest percentage of CO2 to the atmosphere because of potentially large emissions compared to oil or natural gas (Hansen et al. 2000). CO2 has a long shelf-life that makes it stay in the air for the

Sexual Abuse (Police Foundations Course) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexual Abuse (Police Foundations Course) - Essay Example Moreover, the taboos surrounding the sex act affect the investigation of offenses related to it. The victim is often blamed and treated insensitively with callous disregard for the outcome. Given the situation, it is imperative that the investigation be conducted with painstaking attention to detail, because failure to do so will allow the offenders to escape the justice they so richly deserve. The crime scene investigation is crucial as it is the foundation on which the case against the offender will be built. The crime scene must be secured and photographs should be taken before following the prescribed protocol for such situations. The next step is the collection of forensic evidence "which might provide a clue to the identity of the killer" (Geberth 440) . Such evidence may often be the only way to trace, implicate and convict the guilty party. Physical evidence from the scene such as fingerprints, stray hairs, fibers, used condoms, gloves, urine, feces, blood, and the like must be carefully gathered and preserved as they are the means by which the offender may be linked to the scene of the crime and the victim. The collection of these materials must be documented and photographed in order to avoid damage from exposure to the weather or careless handling. The next step is the thorough medical examination of the victim.

Final Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Ethics - Assignment Example This is to mean that altruistic individuals live for the sake of the good of others. As seen in the research conducted by Albee (2014), the author also explains that individuals have the obligation to act not on their own needs but on the needs of others. On the other hand, utilitarianism works on the grounds that a good act is one that increases the satisfaction of individuals as well as the society at large (Albee, 2014). However, the individuals in question are expected to lead a happy life. A maximization of utility is the basis on utilitarianism such as individuals seeking to lead a successful life, having stability in life, minimize chances of them suffering (Albee, 2014; Braybrooke, 2004). This means that the ends substantiate the means for the case of utilitarianism. The proponents of utilitarianism include Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. One of the major differences between altruism and utilitarianism is that altruism does not advocate for any form of individualism while utilitarianism advocates for general good, but the individual can to satisfy their needs. Utilitarianism produces happiness while altruism focuses on reducing any chance that unhappiness may occur in individuals (Albee, 2014; Braybrooke, 2004). Altruism and utilitarianism are similar in that both advocate for happiness as the end result of all actions of humans. Both ethical perspectives have some element of morality in them. The two also have some form of pain and satisfaction after an action (Albee, 2014; Braybrooke, 2004). The case of altruism can be well explained in the case of volunteering in a job as opposed to getting a job that would be well paying. When an individual forego a well-paying job to go for a volunteer job such as planting trees or caring for the elderly or sick patients, this may be termed as altruism since the individual has opted to sacrifice

See details for specifications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

See details for specifications - Essay Example On the same note of laws, ethical issues, and nursing practice and decision making, this essay aims at comparing three articles within which these issues are addressed especially how legal and ethical factors usually affect clinical nursing practices and the consideration that nurses must consider in making decision within their practice. Article 1: Confidentiality, Secrecy, and Privacy in Ethics Consultation Gerald Neitzke (2007) conducted a research on Confidentiality, secrecy, and privacy in ethics consultation. According to Neitzke, confidentiality is likely to pose problems especially to counselors and he noted that these challenges are can be in two different ways including the uncertainty on the actual extent of the optimum practice and the problem in implementing the ethical practice within a nursing practice. Nonetheless, Neitzke noted in his article that the British association for the counseling had once published some codes of ethics to help counselors to resolve the dile mma. Additionally, Neitzke acknowledged that these counselors are sometimes challenged with the law as they undertake their duties (Neitzke, 2007). It should be noted that law and ethical values can only be breached in this situation if the client or patient feels that their confidentially have been interfered with without their consent. Therefore, Neitzke noted that if such dilemmas have to be minimized or eradicated, it is then vital for the medical practitioners in this case the counselors to seek permission to breach the confidentiality of their patients. Neitzke discussed three ways through which breaking of confidentiality is permissible and they include the counselor seeking the consent of the patient or client to break their confidentiality. Additionally, the counselor can break the confidentiality of the patient if such information regarded confidential are already in the public domain. Finally, a nurse which in this case if a counselor, may be at liberty to break person co nfidentiality if the public interest in the protection of such information outweighs personal interest in the disclosure or use of such information. It should be noted that if counselors are obliged legally to break personal confidentiality, they will be protected the law for such break (Neitzke, 2007). In the cotemporary world, keeping confidential information about client is usually vital for counselor especially for maintaining perfect relationship with clients and or maintaining their practice. Therefore, these professionals must only breach the confidentiality law in situations demanded by law; otherwise, they will lose trust from their clients; thus, interfering with their business and practice. In some cases, they may be taken to court to answer to their unethical and unprofessional behaviors. Hence, despite the fact that the law may give the nurse or the counselor in Neitzke’s case the right or protection to provide some private information about their clients, they m ust only do so without exterior motives or in a manner to harm their clients (Neitzke, 2007). Regardless, of the window that confidentiality in nursing and counseling practice can be breached

The costs and the benefits of international diversification Essay

The costs and the benefits of international diversification - Essay Example The process of international diversification enables the firms to reap in advantages like economies of scale. According to Bartlett & Ghoshal (2000) it accelerates the process of innovation besides reducing the associated costs. However there is no consistency in the empirical studies with regard to the performance advantages arising from international diversification. Various studies conducted by Buckley & Casson (1976), Caves (1982) and Rugman (1979) have drawn attention to the internationalisation theory, highlighting that the process of international diversification does not improve performance rather the leveraging of the intangible assets of the firm bring in performance advantages. This calls for advanced ways of information co-ordination and processing in order to identify and take advantage of the overseas opportunities. As per Kogut (1985b) the acquisition of this form of information co-ordination and processing requires significant investments and the gains arising from th e international diversification varies across the firms (Chari et al., 2007). ... This form of diversification enhances the market potential of the various product lines of the firms but this also gives rise to the complexities of managing a firm that is internationally diversified as well as product diversified. Research has shown that the gains from geographic and product diversification are higher in the case of media firms. It has also been seen that in the less developed economies the firms benefit more from product diversification as compared to the businesses in developed economies. The international diversification offers exploitation and exploration benefits. As per Caves (1996) by way of internationalisation the firms can achieve economies of scope and scale. Kim et al (1993) highlight that the fluctuations in the revenues of the firm can be can be reduced by distributing the investment risks across various countries. The international operations facilitate cost reduction and enhance revenue base as it strengthens the market position of the firm giving i t a strong bargaining power over the customers, suppliers and distributors. The firm may have unutilised resources therefore by way of international expansion the firm is able to achieve economies of scale. A higher production lowers the overall production costs (Lu & Beamish, 2004). Evidences have shown that top management groups that are culturally diverse are more informed about the international markets and their unconventional behaviour. The impetus for internationalisation arises from the availability of the opportunities of exploiting market imperfections from the use of intangible assets across the border. According to Buckley (1988) a business can achieve extra-normal returns by using its internal assets

Geography final project ( analysis of articles and question summary.) Research Paper

Geography final project ( analysis of articles and question summary.) - Research Paper Example The counter-contention is that if open arrangement can quicken development in medium-measure development focuses, and if critical parcels of the extra profits head off to expanded amounts of transients from slacking hinterland ranges, at that point this system is effective from a national perspective (Skop and Li). Decentralization of centermost government managerial exercises and open ventures from the biggest urban communities Movement to urban communities additionally evacuates repetitive work from horticulture; in spite of the fact that gainfulness may be flat and falling in the over-burden tertiary division of numerous urban areas, it is still higher than gainfulness in agribusiness. Furthermore living arrangement in the city lays open the vagrant to modernizing impacts and enhances his shots to get aptitudes, however unassuming. Due to the self-improving nature of squatter settlements the United Nations Center for Housing, Assembling, and Planning now focuses on the acknowledge ment and underpin of their longer run being and of sufficient preplanning for their fate advancement. Then again, it is affirmed that endeavors to clear such settlements ordinarily squander panic open assets and irritate the issues of the individuals concerned. Meeting of Japanese prefectural for every capita salaries began to show up around 1961 and proceeded in parallel with the most elevated rate of monetary development. This wonder seems to have been brought about by joining in pay rates around distinctive parts of the economy, which in turn came about because of tightening of work markets. Asians immigrants in New York State In spite of the fact that Asians remain a generally minor part of the aggregate populace, right now less than 5 percent-they are around the quickest developing racial/ethnic minorities in the United States today. In connection, the aggregate U.S. populace developed by 13 percent throughout the 1990s, from 248.7 million to 281.4 million. Fast and sizable pop ulace development is attributable basically to the way that Asians now explain just about one-third of all movement to the United States. In the most recent some decades, the mix of modifying worldwide economies, geopolitical settings, and movement approaches has set in movement new and noteworthy streams of relocation from Asia to the United States (Bergman). Workers from India and China, particularly, are decently ready for, and fit into, the occupation needs of the globalizing U.S. economy. Transients from the aforementioned two nations are actively selected by both the U.S. government and U.S. multinational partnerships for their specialized know-how, entrepreneurial abilities, and business associations with quickly developing abroad showcases. Information from the Citizenship and Immigration Service (once in the past the Immigration and Naturalization Service) demonstrate that India and China are the heading supporters of both work based outsiders (al-for the most part 39 perce nt of the U.S. add up to in 2002) and H-1b makeshift laborers (with a heightened of practically 60 percent in 2001) (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service 2003). Therefore, numerous Asian Indian and Chinese migrants land in the U.S. with the abnormal amounts of training, expert preparing, or money related assets

Schizophrenia affects Essay Example for Free

Schizophrenia affects Essay Schizophrenia affects approximately 2.5 million Americans and more than 24 million people worldwide (Janssen). Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that is very difficult to live with. Schizophrenia has strong hereditary component (Smith, Segal). People with schizophrenia hear voices, lose touch with reality, can’t think clearly, function, see things or hear things that are not really there, and can’t distinguish what is real and what is unreal(Smith, Segal). Having this disorder could affect the relationship they have with others and even loved ones. To students who are non-aware of this disorder should know that this could happen to anyone. The early signs of schizophrenia comes’ without anyone being warned. You might have known someone your whole life and in a blink of an eye it could happen suddenly. Most cases of schizophrenia appear in the late teens or early adulthood. However, schizophrenia can appear for the first time in middle age or even later (Smith, Segal). The disorder is common in men than it is in women. The most common early signs of schizophrenia are insomnia, oversleeping, strange use of words, forgetful, depression, flat gaze, inappropriate laugh or cry, and abandonment at work or school (Smith, Segal). . There are so many other different signs of schizophrenia. Sometimes people with schizophrenia tend to think people are out to get them, or people are poisoning them through their food. Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior are all symptoms of schizophrenia. There are three major types of this disorder: paranoid schizophrenia, disorganized schizophrenia, and catatonic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia affects relationships because people with schizophrenia often get paranoid and suspicious of friends and their family. Drugs and alcohol play a big part in schizophrenia people because they often use drugs and drink to self- medicate themselves. Most of the time people with schizophrenia tend to think they are better and they do not think they need their medicine no longer, so they stop taking their medicine. When they stop  taking their medicine they usually relapse back into the delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior. Being diagnosed with schizophrenia is a long process. Doctors do an evaluation and ask questions pertaining to family history and the symptoms he or she is having. The doctors then will do a physical examination and see if anything could have caused this problem. The doctors usually will order a CAT scan or MRI to examine the brain for further explanations of the problems. Sometimes when doctors are diagnosing schizophrenia they usually hold them in a behavior floor in the hospital. Methodist Unity Point in Peoria, Illinois has a behavior floor for people with disorders. They watch for symptoms and evaluate their patients so they can diagnose them with the right diagnostics. Being diagnosed with schizophrenia could be devastating, but they can live a wonderful life. If people noticed a change in a loved one, make sure to seek medical attention. The faster people get treatment for schizophrenia they have a higher chance to improve their recovery. If you were to have schizophrenia it would not be your fault that you have it. No one is really sure why people get this disorder but there is no one to blame. It is actually easier for a person to cope with the idea of cancer than it is to understand the odd behavior, hallucinations or strange ideas of a person with schizophrenia (Grohol). People who are close to someone with schizophrenia often are affected by their symptoms. They may see things that aren’t really there or hear things telling them to say thing or do things they really don’t mean. Just know it’s not their fault and show as much love and support for them. People tend to be over-whelmed and their relationship with a person with a schizophrenia disorder eventually falls apart. Do not feel discourage or frightened there is hope for your loved one. REFERENCES Cannon, Tyrone. Cures for Schizophrenia | IMHRO. Cures for Schizophrenia | IMHRO (One Mind Institute). N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2014. Grohol, John M. All About Schizophrenia and Psychosis. All About Schizophrenia and Psychosis. N.p., 2 Sept. 2013. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. Pharmaceuticals, Janssen. About Schizophrenia Causes Prevalence of Schizophrenia. Causes Prevalence of Schizophrenia. N.p., 1 Aug. 2013. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. Schizophreniaand Psychosis. All About Schizophrenia and Psychosis. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2014. Smith, Melinda, and Jeanne Segal. Schizophrenia: Signs, Types Causes. Schizophrenia: Signs, Symptoms, Types, Causes, and Effects. N.p., July 2013. Web. 17 Sept. 2013.

Disney Princess and Aladdin Essay Example for Free

Disney Princess and Aladdin Essay The wicked Jafar, and his trusty parrot Iago, receive one half of an ancient scarab from the thief, Gazeem. Jafar reaches into his robes and produces the other half. As Jafar place the two halves together, the magic scarab being to glow and sparkle. The scarab leaps out of Jafars hands. Quickly! he shouts to his horse, Follow the trail! The scarab scuttles across the desert sands under the beautiful Arabian night sky with Jafar, Iago and Gazeem in fast pursuit The scarab leads Jafar, Iago and Gazeem to a small mound of sand, it then slits in a half and plunges into the sand. A fierce tigers head rises, roaring, from the desert. Now remember, Jafar warns Gazeem. Bring me the lamp. The rest of the treasure is yours, but the lamp is mine! As Gazeem steps warily into the cave, the tiger-god bellows, Only one may enter here, one whose worth lies deep withinthe Diamond in the Rough! The tiger-gods mouth clamps shut over the unfortunate Gazeem and the head dissapears back into the sand. I must find this one- this Diamond in the Rough, Jafar tells Iago. In the bustling city of Agrabah there is a lively and crowded marketplace. Merchants sell all kind of household items from pots and ladles to clothing, and olives the townspeople need for their everyday lives. In Agrabah lives a young man called Aladdin. His only friend is Abu, a mischievous monkey, and his only food is what he can get by his wits. Aladdin is always in trouble with the sultans guards who call him a thief, but they can never catch him. Sometimes it takes all of Aladdins mischief, for them to stay one step ahead of the guards. Although Aladdin is starving, he is also generous. When he sees two little street urchins who look even hungrier then he is, he gives them the bread he has gone to so much trouble to get. Abu isnt quite as happy about giving up his half of the loaf! When Prince Achmed rides into the marketplace on a magnificent, jeweled horse, Aladdin and Abu stare. How wonderful it would be to have even one of those jewels. They could eat for a year! On his way to the palace, I suppose, comments someone standing nearby. Another suitor for the princess. When the poor children wander out into the street, Aladdin leaps to rescue them from the horses hooves. Out of my way! Bellows Prince Achmed, knocking Aladdin aside and into a puddle of mud. Aladdin chases after the prince, if I were as rich as you I could afford some matters! he shouts at him. Prince Achmed yells, You were born as street rat and youll die as street rat! as he swept through the palace gates. The slam shut in Aladdins face. Im not worthless. Im not a street rat, says Aladdin shaking his head. Aladdin and Abu go to their home, which is nothing more than a dilapidated rooftop. Its cold in the desert at night, so it isnt much to come home to. Someday, Abu, Aladdin promises the monkey, things are going change. Well be dressed in robes instead of rags. From their rooftop home, Aladdin and Abu can see the magnificent palace glowing in the distance. Thatd be the life, huh, Abu, Aladdin sighs as he gazes at the spectacular building. To be rich, live in a palace, and never have any problems at all. At the palace, the sultan is furious with Princess Jasmine. Her pet tiger Rajah has chased away an insulted Prince Achmed. Jasmine doesnt seem the least bit worried. The law says you must be married to a prince by your next birthday! You have only three more days, the sultan says. The law is wrong! Jasmine replies. Poor Jasmine has never been outside the palace in her life, never done anything on her own. She feels just like the birds in the cage. Suddenly, on an impulse, she opens the gate and lets the birds fly free. Her heart flies away with them but shes still trapped. Jasmine makes up her mind, She wont marry any of the horrible pompous princes who have come to call. She knows what she will do shell run away. That night, after saying goodbye to Rajah, she slips over the palace wall to a land she has never visited before. Since the sultan doesnt know what to do about his willful daughter, he asks his most trusted advisor, none other than Jafar. But Jafar has plans of his own. He wants to gain possession of the sultans Blue Diamond ring. The sultan is surprised by Jafars request for his ring, but Jafar assures him it will help them find a prince to marry Princess Jasmine. Just to be certain, Jafar hypnotizes the sultan who, in a trance, hands over the ring. With the ring in his possession, Jafar returns to his secret laboratory. This Blue Diamond will reveal us teh Diamond in the Rough the one who can enter the cave and bring us the lamp, says Jafar. Soon I will be sultan! When the marketplace comes to lif ein the morning, Jasmine is entranced. She has never seen so many people or things. How different the world is outside the palace! A small child looking longingly at the apples on a merchants cart. You must be hunry, says Jasmine, and hands the child an apple. Youd better pay for that, the merchant says to her. Pay? asks Jasmine. She never had to pay for anything in her life before. Thief! the merchant yells and grabs Jasmines arm. Aladdin, who has noticed the beautiful young girl, realizes she in trouble. He pretends that Jasmine is his sister and tells the merchant that the girl is crazy. Aladdin whispers to Jasmine to play along. The merchant falls for the trickuntil Abu drops a few apples hes sneaked for himself. Aladdin and Jasmine break into a run to get away from the angry merchant. Finally, they arrive back at Aladdins rooftop home. Aladdin is impressed at Jasmines nimble fearlessness; its no easy route to the roof. When Aladdin and Jasmine talk on the roof, they find out that both of them feel trapped in their lives. They dont know that through sorcery, Jafar has located his Diamond in the Rough Aladdin. Before long, Jafar sends the guards to arrest Aladdin. Abu tries to warn his master, but Aladdin isnt paying attention when the palace guards burst in. Jasmine and Aladdin have to get away from the palace guards. Do you trust me? asks Aladdin. Startled Jasmine answers Yes Then jump! Aladdin cries. The two with Abu, leap off the roof. A canopy breaks their fall and they quickly get to their feet. Jasmine and Aladdin have to get away from the palace guards. Do you trust me? asks Aladdin. Startled Jasmine answers Yes Then jump! Aladdin cries. The two with Abu, leap off the roof. A canopy breaks their fall and they quickly get to their feet. Princess Jasmine reveals her true identity and orders the guards to let Aladdin go. I would, Princess, says Razoul, the head guard, except my order come from Jafar. Youve to take it up with him. Believe me, Princess Jasmine mutters. I will. As soon as she gets back to the palace, Princess Jasmine storms into Jafars chamber to demand Aladdins release. Jafar tells the horrified princess that Aladdin has already been to death for kidnapping her. That evening, Jasmine is inconsolable. Oh Rajah, this is all my fault, she sobs in her beloved tiger. I dont even know his name. Rajah is heartbroken to see the princess so sad. Aladdin is not dead, as Jafar had told the princess, but locked up in the dungeon. Soon, Abu finds him, and helps him pick the locks of his chains. Abu tries to scold Aladdin for getting himself mixed up with a girl, but Aladdin disagrees. Hey, she was in trouble, he says, then shakes his head.. Ill never see her again. Im a street rat, remember. She deserves a prince. â€Å"Im a fool, says Aladdin, thinking about Jasmine. Only if you give, boy, replies a voice. Jafar, disguised as an old man, appears from the shadows. I know a cave filled with treasures.. enough to impress your princess. I need a young pair of legs and a strong back to go in after it. Soon Aladdin and Jafar, still in disguise, have escaped from the dungeon and arrive at the Cave of Wonders. Proceed! the tiger-god commands when Aladdin states his name. Touch nothing but the lamp. When Aladdin and Abu arrive at the treasure chamber, they cant believe their eyes. Everywhere, piled high, are thousands of jewels and mountains of gold dazzle their eyes. Just a handful of this would make me richer then the sultan! exclaims Aladdin. Then he reminds Abu, Dont touch anything Behind Aladdin and Abu, a gold-tasseled carpet comes to life. At first they dont notice it floating behind them, but soon they realize they are in the presence of a magic carpet. Maybe you can help us, Aladdin says to the carpet. Were trying to find this lamp. The magic carpet is happy to show the way to where a battered old oil lamp stands on a high pedestal. Aladdin slowly reaches out to take the lamp into his handWhile Aladdin is collecting the lamp, Abu is overwhelmed by temptation. Surely the cave wont miss one little gem. The moment he grabs the stone, a rumbling and shaking begin. Aladdin almost falls into a pool of boiling lava as the carpet rushes in to save him. Just in time, Aladdin pulls Abu aboard. Outside the cave, Jafar look on in alarm as thunder booms and lighting flashes around him. The tiger-god roars in anger. The carpet is caught under a falling rock and Abu and Aladdin are thrown off. A huge chasm opens between them as Abu and Aladdin scramble for the cave opening. Abu escapes, but the ground gives way and Aladdin is left hanging by his fingers The old man, whom Aladdin still does not know is Jafar is disguise, leans into the cave. Throw me the lamp! he demands. I cant hold on, cries Aladdin. Give me your hand! But Jafar insists. First, give me the lamp! â€Å"Yes! cries Jafar, when Aladdin has handed over the lamp. Its mine at last! While Abu is helping Aladdin out of the cave, Jafar drawn his dagger. Aladdin has been betrayed! Aladdin struggles with Jafar and Abu does what he can, but Jafar manages to push the two back into the cave. They tumble down a long chute. The magic carpet frees itself just in time to break their fall. When Aladdin wakes up, he realizes that he and Abu are stuck in the cave, and that Jafar has taken the lamp. Abu chatters excitedly, and reveals that he has the lamp! Aladdin studies the lamp and trying to make out some writing on the side of it, wipes away the years of dust. The lamp begins to glow. Pooof! colored smoke fills the cave and forms itself into a huge genie. Say, youre allot smaller then my last master, declares the genie, Im your master? gasps Aladdin. The Genie announces to Aladdin that he can have three wishes for anything he desires. To prove it, the genie conjures up an ever-changing parade of dancers, gourmet food, treasure, camels and horses. There are a few previous, a couple of quid pro quo cautions the genie. I cant kill anybody I cant make anybody fall in love with anyone else I cant bring people back from the dead. Other than that, you got it. Aladdin doesnt know what to wish for and asks the genie what he would wish for. Freedom the genie replies. Genies are prisoners. We have phenomenal cosmic powers, itty bitty living space. The only way out is for my master to wish me free. Aladdin considers. Ill do it. Ill set you free, he tells the genie. The genie looks doubtful. Really, I promise- after me first two wishes, Ill use my third wish to set you free. Suddenly Aladdin knows what wants. Theres this girl, he says, but shes the princess. To even have a chance, Id have to be Hey! Can you make me a prince? The genie raises an eyebrow. Say the magic words, he says. In no time, Aladdin is outfitted with the most glorious robes a prince has ever owned. Looking at his own elegant reflection, he hardly recognizes himself. Still needs something, muses the genie. Mode of transportation! Enlisting Abu, the genie transforms the startled monkey into a camel, then a stallion and several other things. Finally he settles on a magnificent riding elephant. Back at the palace, Jafar and Iago are hatching a wicked plot. If Jafar cant have the lamp, he will have to gain power another way. Iago has an idea. What if Jafar were to marry the princess? Then he could get rid of the sultan and Jasmine and have all power in the kingdom. Floating down from his elephant on the magic carpet, Aladdin introduces himself to the sultan as Prince Ali Ababwa, and announces that he has come to seek Princess Jasmines hand. Jafar is not pleased to see Prince Ali. This might be then end of his plan to marry the princess and take over the kingdom. He tries to get Aladdin to leave, but the sultan is anxious to try out the magic carpet. The sultan enjoys his carpet ride and is very impressed with Prince Ali. Jafar tries to damped the sultans enthusiasm but Aladdin is confident. Just let her meet me, I will win your daughter, he boasts Princess Jasmine hears Aladdins boast that he will marry her, and is not pleased. How dare you! she snaps. All of you! Standing around deciding my future!†I am not a prize to be won! She turns on her heel and storms form the room. Aladdin is upset that he has made Princess Jasmine angry. This isnt how it is supposed to go. The sultan, too, is disappointed, but reassures Aladdin that the princess will calm down. That night, Aladdin walks in the garden under Jasmines window and asks the genie for advice. He has lost confidence in his prince act. The genie recommends that Aladdin tells the princess who he really is, and just be himself. Princess Jasmine has still not cheered up. She is sitting alone in her room when Aladdin startles her by appearing on the balcony. She tries to send him away, but just as he turns in the light, she thinks theres something familiar about him. Jasmine and Aladdin begin to talk. It looks like things are going well until Jasmine suddenly turns and accuses Prince Ali of being a swaggering peacock like all the other princess shes met. Disguised as a bee, the genie repeats his advice to Aladdin. Be yourself! When Aladdin agrees that the princess should be allowed to make up her own mind, Jasmine begins to soften a little towards him. Aladdin invites her on a magic carpet ride, and Jasmine quickly agrees. Shes a little nervous, but when Aladdin asks, Do you trust me? Jasmine and Aladdin fly across the sky on the magic carpet. Its a wonderful ride and they see magnificent sights. Aladdin swoops down into an orchard and picks Jasmine an apple. Again, she thinks of the boy she met in the marketplace. The carpet comes to a rest on a roof where Aladdin and Princess Jasmine stop to watch a wonderful fireworks display. Jasmine casually remarks that Abu should have been with them, and Aladdin falls right into her trap. You are the boy from the marketplace! Jasmine exclaims. But Aladdin isnt ready to reveal who he really is, and pretends that Aladdin was Prince Ali in disguise. Finally, Aladdin flies princess Jasmine back to the palace. Jasmine steps onto the balcony, then turns toward Aladdin. They smile at each other over the railing. The carpet, impatient for the romance to get started, bumps Aladdin so that he kisses Jasmine. Its a wonderful kiss, and Aladdin realizes he is in love. Good night, my handsome prince, Jasmine says, backing into her charmer. Sleep well, Princess, Aladdin replies. Aladdin has sooner floated down from Jasmines balcony that he is grabbed by the palace guards. Abu too, has been captured, Jafar order the guards to tie and gag Aladdin and cast him into the ocean. As Aladdin sinks into the sea, turban where he hid the lamp, slips from his head. Fighting for air and growing dizzy, Aladdin tries to get to the lamp. Finally, he reaches it and is able to give it a feeble rub. The genie, disturbed from his bath, is ready to joke with Aladdin until he sees that his young master is drowning. I cant help you unless you make a wish. Aladdin is barely conscious, but the genie gets him to respond and lifts him to safely in the nick of time. At the palace, Jasmine rushed to tell her father about the wonderful evening she has spent with Aladdin. She arrives to find that Jafar has put his plan into action and has hypnotized the sultan Jasmine vows angry that she will never marry Jafar. Just as jafar is telling that Prince Al i has left like all the other princes, Aladdin appears in the throne room and accuses Jafar of trying to kill him. As soon as the sultan comes out of his trance, he understands what has happened. Guards! he commands. Arrest Jafar at once! Jafar yells as he is dragged from the room, This is not done yet, boy! He throws a smoke pellet and vanishes into thin air. Although the sultan is angry at Jafars treachery, he is overjoyed to find out that Jasmine is in love with Aladdin. Finally she has chosen a suitor! The sultan is so happy he announces they will be wed at once. â€Å"Youll be happy, prosperous, â€Å"he says, â€Å"and then you, my boy will become sultan!† Aladdin is worried about becoming a sultan. He knows he doesnt have a fine moral character. Hes just a street rat, and a lying one, too. He isnt Prince Ali, hes just plain Aladdin. If only he could tell Jasmine the truth. Now he cant even fulfill his promise to free the genie. He just might need one more wish†¦ Jafar tells Iago that they can still win if they can get the lamp, so Iago disguises his voice as Jasmines to lure Aladdin out of chambers. The wily bird hurries into the empty room and quickly steals the lamp. Now that Jafar has possession of the lamp, the genie must grant his every wish. The genie doesnt want to work for the sorcerer, but he must. Jafar is his new master now. Jafar makes his first wish: he wants to be sultan. Reluctantly, the genie transforms him. Jafar now wears the white robes of the sultan. He is delighted to be the most powerful man in the kingdom! When the genie makes a new sultan, he unmakes the old one. The old sultans disappear, and the castle is move to a high mountain peak. I am your sultan now! declares Jafar. Bow down to me. But Jasmine and her father refuse. We will never bow to you, they swear. Jafar is ready to make his next wish: to become the most powerful sorcerer in the world. The genie grants him his wish. Jafar uses his new skills to expose Prince Ali for his he really is a street rat named Aladdin. Jafar uses his power to turn a palace tower into a rocket. He fires Aladdin and Abu to the ends of the earth, where they will never trouble him again. Aladdin and Abu are shivering, and nearly killed by a rolling tower, but they still have the magic carpet. I made a mess of everything. Aladdin tells the monkey. Ive got to go back and set things right. Together they fly on the carpet back to the palace at Agrabah. A the palace, Jafar rules. The genie and Princess Jasmine are his slaves, and the sultan has been reduced to the court jester. Jasmine is the only one who notices Aladdin slipping in through the window. To distract Jafar, so that Aladdin can get the lamp, she pretends to be in love with him. Jafar is delighted at the unexpected turn of events. Jafar suddenly notices Aladdin;s reflection in Princess Jasmines polished crown. Turning sharply, he barks You! How many times do I have to kill you, boy! Jafar aims a blast from his staff at Aladdin, and traps Jasmine in an hour glass. He uses all of his sorcery to create walls of flame and falling swords around the lamp. Are you afraid to fight me yourself, you cowardly snake? challenges Aladdin. Jafar instantly turns himself into a snake and lunges at Aladdin. Aladdin fights back with his sword. Tim is running out for Princess Jasmine, who is being buried alive by the sand in the hourglass. Soon, Jafar has Aladdin trapped in his coils. If only Aladdin had freed the genie he had the chance, Jafar would never have had all this power! Youre not so powerful, Aladdin taunts Jafar. The genie has more power than youll ever have! The genie is alarmed. What is Aladdin up to? Jafar takes the bait. Im ready to make my third wish, declares Jafar. I wish to be an all powerful genie! The genie must grant the wish. In an instant, Jafar is a genie. For a moment, he exults in his new power. Then gold cuffs clamp themselves to his wrists, and Jafar begins to realize what is happening. A lamp appears to suck him in and he takes Iago with him at the last moment. Aladdin grins. Phenomenal cosmic powers itty bitty living space.† When the genie tosses the lamp into the Cave of Wonders for a few millennia Jafars magic comes undone. The sultan and Princess Jasmine are free, and all their friends return to normal. Aladdin and Jasmine stand together on the palace balcony. Im sorry I lied to you, says Aladdin. I guess this is goodbye, That stupid law, storms Jasmine. This isnt fair. I love you. The genie cant bear it. Youre got one more wish left, he reminds Aladdin. Just say the word and youre a prince again. Aladdin knows what he has to do. He loves Jasmine and wants to be a prince so he can marry her, but he has promised the genie. He has learned how important a promise is. Genie, he says. I wish for your freedom. The genie can hardly believe it when his cuffs melt away. †Youll always be a prince to me, the genie says to Aladdin. Thats right, agrees the sultan. Youve certainly proven you worth. What we need is a new law! And the sultan, who is after all the sultan, pronounces a new law then and there. The princess can marry whomever she chooses! Princess Jasmine instantly chooses Aladdin. She is thrilled to finally have control over her own life. Aladdin is thrilled too, and lifts Jasmine high in the air. Now that Genie is free, hes off to see the world. He has big plans, and plenty of places to go. But first, its time for a big hug for the only master who ever wanted to do something for him. As the genie sails off into the sky, Jasmine and Aladdin wave goodbye. They stand side by side, holding hands, knowing they will always be together.

The Causes Of Urban Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

The Causes Of Urban Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay Human activity is one of the main causes of environmental issues today. The two main causes of pollutants in urban areas are transportation technologies such as the automobiles and power production technologies such as industrial heating and cooling and coal-burning power plants. Automobiles produce a large amount of carbon monoxides to the air we breathe in. There are also more problems such as waste these problems can be fixed through a social aspect, where rules and regulations are changed to decrease environmental problems, and also by societys lifestyle, examples of lifesyle changes could be when individuals recycle; this preserves energy and decreases production, by which causes pollution. Also to drive hybrid cars which are lower in emission and are environment friendly instead of the gasoline-using counterpart. On the other hand, these problems can also be fixed through a technological aspect, where companies like coal companies use strategies to control air pollution by redu cing emission through burning cleaner fuel such as natural gas instead of coal. To socially fix the environment, society will have to change their individual lifestyles, as well as rules and regulations being changed. After more than a century of heavy industrialization and consumption, people of earth are now feeling the effects of over-crowded garbage dumps, contaminated sites, acid rain and polluted air and water. But commerce cannot only be blamed; it is also each individual lifestyle that can be blamed, such as driving cars that rely mainly on gasoline. Each year in the united states, three-hundred tons of carbon is released into the air, by which causes smog and damage to the ecosystem and is one of the countless causes of global warming today. This problem can be decreased if more individuals invest in hybrid cars, which are powered by a combination of the traditional gasoline power and the addition of some other power source such as an electric motor or hydrogen fuel cell. Another lifestyle change each individual should consider is buying compact fluores cent light bulbs instead of incandescent ones. advances in technology have directed us to a light bulb thats designed to last up to 15 times the life of a standard bulb. They are expensive, but they last much longer, which makes them cheaper in the long run. Also, these bulbs will use less than a third of the power of incandescent, which will reduce electricity costs. They also generate less heat, so less air-conditioning is needed in the summer. Another simple lifestyle change individuals should take into consideration is to reuse shopping bags; this means one less bag to be manufactured and less pollution. A smart technique that most grocery stores use is to charge a small credit on plastic bags, which forces people to reuse bags. Turning off the air-conditioning and/or heat when leaving the house. A great deal of electricity is wasted cooling or heating an empty home, which leads to bigger bills. Even setting the temperature one or two degrees different, keeping the system from a ctivating as often, can save significant amounts of money each year. In the United States, the government continuously uses federal regulatory powers to control greenhouse gas emmissions, and focuses more on power plants and oil refineries. These two industries produce approximatly fourty percent of emmissions in the united states. To solve this issue, the unitedstatesenvironmental protection act (EPA) is considering using different tools under the federal clean air act to reduce emmissions from factories. This includes new permit requirements for all heavily polluting industry, followed by specific greenhouse gas standards for power plants and oil refineries. This may cause problems for the companies and may cause job loss by which some members of congress are challenging. In December 23rd 2010, the environmental protection act (EPA) , announced it will propose greenhouse gas pollution limits for power plants in July 2011 and for oil refineries in December 2011. Ultimate rules will be questioned the following year. The principles will set levels of p ollutant that these companies may produce under the clean air act, which is the federal law that grants the EPA the authority to shield U.S air quality. China owns cities that have the highest concentrations of air pollution in the world. This is because they have a high increase of industrial development, which leads to a rapid use of natural recourses, as well as high amounts of pollution. The main issue chinas government is dealing with is air pollution and water pollution. Air pollution in china is responsible for 750,000 deaths. To solve this issue, china upgraded their state environmental protection administration to a higher level, which shows concern for fixing the pollution problem, which focuses more on air pollution. The Chinese government is extremely concerned with reducing the pollution throughout China, and has been since the beginning of the 21st Century. Air pollution in china are one of the causes of respiratory disease and even heart disease. Due to the high numbers of affected persons, china has strict environmental laws, by which they find difficult to enforce them. When the government announces a no automobile d ay on main roads, the declaration is ignored by most people. Up to today, china is still trying to help prevent and reduce air pollution throughout the country. India is one of the most polluted countries in South East Asia. There are severe problems with both indoor and outdoor air pollution in India. The indoor air pollution is caused by many factors, but mostly the burning of toxic fuels to prepare meals. Indian people, burn coal, wood, and even animal dung to cook their meals, which releases toxins into the air they breathe. Breathing in this terrible quality air is responsible for nearly 500,000 deaths there each year. This high number is mostly women and children and it is a serious problem. This number, according to the World Health Organization, is 80% of the nearly 600,000 deaths related to indoor air pollution in all of SE Asia. A shocking 70 percent of rural households in India do not have any ventilation at all. Air pollution in India caused by these problems could be cut in half by taking a few measures. These measures include promoting smokeless cooking methods, and the use of proper ventilation. If these methods of helping wer e put into action then the deaths caused by indoor air pollution in India could be reduced by half. Although the methods for helping with air pollution in India sound great it will be a long and hard road to success. These methods for cooking have been in place for so many years people do not want to change. It is mostly women who are mainly exposed to the highest concentration while cooking meals, by which result to death. Unfortunately, it may take time and convincing, but the Indian government is committed to making changes by 2015. According to Peter Tans, a physicist with national oceanic atmosphere administrations, (NOAA), he claims that naturally, if there are more greenhouse gases, this greenhouse affect will be more significant and raise the temperature of earth more than if humans didnt emit as much greenhouse gases. The technological fix to environmental problems, will consist on improving ways in decreasing pollution. For example, In research conducted at the University of Calgary, climate change scientist David Keith and a team of researchers showed it is possible to reduce carbon dioxide , which is the main greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming using a relatively simple machine that can capture the trace of carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere at any place on the planet.

Knighthood and Courtly Love in the Time of King Arthur Essay -- essays

Chivalry was considered to be the code of behavior expected of a knight. It was the conduct, ideas, and ideals of the knightly class of the Middle Ages. It became standardized and referred to as chivalry, a term derived from the French word chevalier, meaning knight. The code urged the knight to be brave, courageous, honorable, true to his word, and loyal to his feudal overlord, and to defend his Church. A knight was truthful, honest, capable, educated, physically fit, noble, sincere, and subservient to the king. A serious violation of these vows could result in a knight being classed as an undignified knight, which was the ultimate insult because of all the hard work that was put into becoming a knight. It made it seem as if all of work was done for nothing. The knights of the middle ages were known for their dedication and devotion in carrying out their duties. Once a knight was given a task of some sort, they were known for unwillingness to quit until the job was done. Most knights were willing to devote their entire lives to the job at hand. Most all knights had a quest in life, and they showed an obsession to accomplish their quest. The quest may be self thought of, or obtained from someone else, but either way the knight took honor and pride in being able to accomplish the quest. In â€Å"Arthurian Romances,† by Chrà ©tien de Troyes, all knights had a duty to protect their country. When a knight approached a situation, he did not attack the other party until he had warned them. His place in the feudalist system involved other workers, known as vassals, to do his bidding. They suited him up in his armor and readied his horse and weapons. Knighthood was only developed for the man because women are only seen as maidservants. Authority felt that a woman could not possess all the qualities of a knight, so they were put to work as maids. The only women who had high ranks in the feudalist system were those who were married to the noble ranks In â€Å"The Story of the Grail,† de Troyes looks at knighthood from the naive perspective of a young boy, Perceval, who had a dream of becoming a knight. In his own way, he became one. He learned the techniques and attitudes of a knight that greatly influenced his performance. Perceval wanted to obtain all the qualities of a good knight, also ... ...ry because of how he allowed a love for this unfeasible woman to blind him. The queen was so nasty to Lancelot, yet he took it and dealt with it assuming that his love for her was reciprocal. Chrà ©tien de Troyes and Marie de France both had unique ways of showing what knighthood and courtly love were about. De Troyes was a little harder on courtly love than de France had been, but both had specific ideals that they wanted to be brought to the pages in order to teach others about chivalry. All in all, the love that was portrayed between Guigemar and the queen was one that seemed to be full of hope and joy. The love de Troyes portrayed between Lancelot and Guinevere was a love that seemed to not even exist except in Lancelot’s mind. Courtly love was an important aspect in the time of knighthood and chivalry. Courtly love made all the battles and heartaches seem worth it in the end, as long as it worked out for the two lovers it included. Works Cited de Troyes, Chretien. "The Story of the Grail." Arthurian Romances. Ed. William W. Kibler. London: Penguin Books, 1991. 381-494. de France, Marie. â€Å"Guigemar.† The Lais of Marie de France. 30-59.

Seizures and the Sight of God :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Seizures and the Sight of God Researchers interested in the connection of the brain and religion have examined the experiences of people suffering from Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Apparently the increased electrical activity in the brain resulting from seizure activity (abnormal electrical activity within localized portions of the brain), makes sufferers more susceptible to having religious experiences including visions of supernatural beings and near death experiences (NDEs) (9). Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) sufferers also may become increasingly obsessed with religion, the study and practice of it (1). Why is it that this form of epilepsy results in religious experiences among the other supernatural experiences possible? Can people who have never studied or practiced religion be susceptible to these same religious experiences? Why do some interested researchers claim that such notable figures as Paul on the road to Damascus, Joan of Arc, Ellen White of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church and other persons suffered fro m TLE because of their range of reported experiences with God, angels, and demons (1,3)? In my first paper, I highlighted the connection scientists have made between religious experience and the brain. In this paper, I intend to focus on Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, as one of those connections, specifically the symptom of hyperreligiousity. In 1997 Vilayanur Ramachandran and his colleagues from the University of California at San Diego headed a research study. The team studied patients of temporal lobe epilepsy measuring galvanic skin response on the left hands of the patients (11). This measurement allowed the research team to monitor arousal (specific autonomic nervous system response) and indirectly surmise the communication between the inferior temporal lobe and the amygdala, both important in response related to fear and arousal (9). In addition to two control groups a religious control group and a non-religious control group, each group was shown forty words, including violent words, sexual words, and simple words (like "wheel"), and finally, religious-related words. The results of the study showed a greater arousal in the temporal lobe epilepsy sufferers to religious words in comparison to the non-religious, whom were aroused by sexual words, and religious control groups, whom were aroused by religious and sexual words (10). Ramachandran and his team concluded that although the patients were not experiencing seizures or experiencing supernatural occurrences at the time of testing, they were highly sensitive to religious words. Thus, the experiences of temporal lobe seizures strengthened the patients interest in religion (11).

Symbolism in Fahrenheit 451 :: Essays Papers

Symbolism in Fahrenheit 451 Light, especially fire, and darkness are significantly reoccurring themes in Fahrenheit 451. Guy Montag, the main character, is a fireman, but in this futuristic world the job description of a fireman is to start fires wherever books are found; instead of putting them out. Montag takes a journey from a literary darkness to a knowledgeable light. This journey can be compared to the short story Allegory of the Cave by Plato, in which a prisoner experiences a similar journey. An example of light, in reference to knowledge, occurs just after Montag meets Clarisse for the first time. "When they reached her house all its lights were blazing" (9). Since Montag had rarely seen that many house lights on, I interpreted those lines as saying "that house is full of knowledge and enlightenment; not like the rest of the houses around here which are always dark." Clarisse went on to explain to Montag that her mother, father, and uncle were just sitting around and talking. This was also something th at wasn't very commonplace in the city. Fire is an important element of symbolism in Fahrenheit 451. Fire consumes minds, spirits, men, ideas, and books. Fire plays two very different roles in this book. The role of a destructive, devouring, and life ending force, and the role of a nourishing flame. The first role that fire plays in Fahrenheit 451 is apparent from the very beginning of Bradbury's novel. "IT WAS A PLEASURE TO BURN. It was a pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed" (3). In these first two sentences, Bradbury creates a sense of curiosity and irony because in the story, change is something controlled and unwanted by the government and society, so it is very unlikely that anything in Guy Montag's society could be changed. The burning described at this point represents the constructive energy that later leads to catastrophe. A clear picture of firemen is first seen when the narrator says, "With his symbolic helmet numbered 451 on his stolid head, and his eyes all orange flame with the thought of what came next, he flicked the igniter and the house jumped up in a gorging fire that burned the evening sky red and yellow and black" (3). Fahrenheit 451 is the temperature at which books burn and is symbolically written on the firemen’s helme ts, tanks, and in the firestation.

Critical evaluation †John Steinbeck-Of Mice and Men and Robert Ludlum-The Bourne Identity Essay

Through the history of man; mathematicians, philosophers, teachers, and scientists have molded and shaped our world. These men and women, young and old, are responsible for the continually growing knowledge in today’s youth. Upon studying the most influential educators, it was proven that writers and authors sustain every element of the society we live; love, passion, romance, adventure, drama, science fiction, and non-fiction. All of these categories exist for only one purpose, to entertain the minds who absorb the material. Entertaining authors make an exceptional story and none other than Robert Ludlum and John Steinbeck accomplish this feat better. In order to further understand these authors thirst to provide edge-of-the-seat entertainment, their past and present must be explored. Although these authors lived in two diverse locations, their driving desire for knowledge appears the same. Ludlum and Steinbeck attended college after high school, majoring in English. After graduating from Salinas High School in 1919, Steinbeck attended Stanford University from 1920-1925. Two years after Steinbeck left to pursue his writing career in New York, Robert Ludlum was born on May 25, 1927. Ludlum was educated privately and at the Chesire Academy, Connecticut. After appearing is school theatricals, he acted in the comedy Junior Miss on Broadway at the age of sixteen. His degree includes: B.A., Wesleyan University, Middletown, 1951. Having never graduated from Stanford University, Steinbeck’s life for the most part was low profile even after the publishing of his first books, â€Å"Cup of Gold† (1929), â€Å"The Pastures of Heaven† and â€Å"To a God Unknown†, which were all inadequately acknowledged by the literary world. â€Å"Tortilla Flat† (1935) was the noticeable turning point in Steinbeck’s literary career receiving the California Commonwealth Club’s Gold Medal for best novel. Steinbeck continued writing, and The Grapes of Wrath (1939) won him the Pulitzer Prize. The Nobel Prize was awarded to John Steinbeck for Literature in 1962 â€Å"†¦for his realistic as well as imaginative writings, distinguished by a sympathetic humor and a keen social perception.† 1 Twenty-nine Academy Award nominations and four Academy Awards were given for revision of John Steinbeck’s stories. Literature lost one of its most accomplished and distinguished writers on December 20, 1968, in New York City; John Steinbeck died at the age of 66. However, on a more positive note, New York City was also the place where literature bore Robert Ludlum. Ludlum can be described as a modern day author. He is a well-known author writing twenty-one novels and selling over 290 million books in thirty-two different languages. Ludlum started his literary career relatively late because he was working in 1. Mobel Lectures; literature 1901-4967 the theatre as an actor and producer. One of the primary reasons Ludlum is such a suspenseful writer is due to the fact that he was born in an age where movies grabbed the attention of the public eye. In the 1950s, Ludlum worked as a stage and television actor. After producing 300 stage productions for New York and regional theatre, Ludlum wrote his first novel, â€Å"The Scarlatti Inheritance† (1971). Few writers are able to grasp global attention using unbelievable plots that spin into engrossing tales. John Steinbeck and Robert Ludlum are comparable writers. These two authors are very accomplished and their novels reputations speak for themselves. John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men and Robert Ludlum’s The Bourne Identity are the focus of this evaluation. Their works signify literary techniques that contribute to theme. The central theme in Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck: human fates are constantly controlled by outside forces. The techniques he uses for example: repetition and symbolism are extremely successful in getting across his very cynical views on this theme. Similar techniques are used in Robert Ludlum’s The Bourne Identity. Uniquely writing; many of Ludlum’s techniques are present in his writing, but the reader is too engrossed in the story to recognize them. However, Ludlum writes meticulously in his story plots. When evaluated, the reader can distinguish that repetition and symbolism are also used as literary techniques that contribut e to theme. Steinbeck and Ludlum use the technique of repetition to effectively build up the climax of the tragedy. In Of Mice and Men, Lennie unintentionally killed his mouse when petting it. This situation repeats itself further in the novel when Slim gives Lennie a puppy. When playing with the animal, Lennie gave the puppy a disciplining thump for biting him and he killed it. An incident, such as this, will be the downfall of George and Lennie. Near the end of the novel, Lennie strokes Curley’s wife’s hair. He holds too tightly and she gets frightened. â€Å"Lennie was in a panic.† 2 Climaxing, he attempts to quiet her, â€Å"Don’t you go yellin’, he said, and he shook her, and her body flopped like a fish. And then she was still, for Lennie had broken her neck.† 2 The repetition of unintentional death foreshadows a negative outcome for Lennie, his sealed fate. This action brought upon his own murder by George who shot him in the back of the head out of mercy for everything else that was weak and helpless. In this act of violence, George would not be considered a murderer, in fact, quite the opposite. George, instead, would be deemed a savor because he did Lennie a favor. 2. Steinbeck; 91 The Bourne Identity uses repetition in a similar fashion. The central character Jason Bourne faces memory loss, crippling him from discovering his true identity. His instincts and intelligence help guide him. The quote: â€Å"You are not helpless. You will find your way.† 3 is repeated on several occasions, which foreshadows success on Jason’s behalf. Jason’s rhetorical behavior when faced with stressful and difficult situations ends in same violent manner. â€Å"Bourne grabbed the Frenchman in front of him now, his left arm around the man’s throat, his right hand tearing at the man’s left ear.† 4 Without thinking, Jason reacts to the situation with poise and precision. Jason’s rhetorical skills evoke his memory enough to enable him to think and act on his own to avoid death or capture. â€Å"Whenever you observe a stress-and you have the time-do your damndest to project into it. Associate as freely as you can; let words and images fi ll your mind. In them you may find clues.† 5 This quote is nearly repeated again, â€Å"Whenever you’re in a stress situation-and there’s time, of course-do exactly as you would when you project yourself into one you’re observing. Let your mind fall free, let whatever thoughts and images that surface come cleanly. Try not to exercise any mental discipline. Be a sponge; concentrate on everything and nothing. Specifics may come to you, certain repressed conduits electricity prodded into functioning.† 6 except there is added tactics, which suggests that Jason is constantly learning. Through repetition Jason persistently advances his skills to obtain his past by varying his appearance, â€Å"Change your hair†¦you change your face.† 7 Soon after his skills advanced, Jason learned that his real name is David Webb who turns out as a young Far East scholar. Webb received a new identity from the Central intelligence (CIA) as Jason Bourne, a black ops agent. His primary objective was to kill Carlos, another far more advanced assassin, but was betrayed. As the plot twists, the CIA has given Jason quite a few hoops to jump through for his own survival. The climax builds to this particular moment in the novel, when Jason reverses the situation and uses the training the CIA gave him to kill the assassin Carlos. The climax appears to have truth because not only has Jason stopped being on the defensive side of this ‘live or die’ game, but also his proficient skills have drawn him to his past profession to kill or be killed; fate. The interfering CIA has lost control of Bourne; however he is drawn back to his past line of work, which could result in death, so he ultimately loses. It could be said that Jason Bou rne was born to be a professional assassin under anyone’s control. 3. Ludlum; 39, 43, 83 4. Ludlum; 64 5. Ludlum; 50 6. Ludlum; 82 7. Ludlum; 116, 161 Another technique that demonstrates John Steinbeck’s view of fate is the symbolism. Near the end of the novel, â€Å"A watersnake glided smoothly up the pool, twisting its periscope head from side to side, and it swam the length of the pool and came to the legs of a motionless heron that stood in the shallows. A silent head and beak lanced down and plucked it out by the head, and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantically.† 8 The heron, stationary and patient, symbolizes fate, while the watersnake, vulnerable and unaware, its victim. The watersnake would most likely symbolize George. Not only does the Heron symbolize fate, it also symbolizes Lennie the burden to their dream. Steinbeck illustrates his view on fate once more by word choice. Words like ‘lanced’, ‘plucked’, and ‘waiting’ suggest that Steinbeck believes that fate strikes assertively and specifically. Similarly, Robert Ludlum uses symbolism to project the same idea. Symbolism appears not as evident as repetition; however, present nonetheless. The CIA seems to be the entity or government corporation that symbolizes fate. Every element in the novel can be drawn back to something that the CIA has caused. Ludlum and Steinbeck believe fate to be all the same. In Ludlum’s case, the CIA’s intricate plans and organized operations parallel Steinbeck’s idea that fate acts in the same manner, assertively and specifically. Of Mice and Men and The Bourne Identity are literally written in identical fashions. Steinbeck and Ludlum use character driven dialogue to tell the story. The point-of-views transpose between first person (the main characters) and third person (the narrator). The first person prospective uniquely projects to the reader each of the character thoughts and actions. The first person prospective gives a clear understanding of what exactly will happen, without all of the excess narration. However, the narration does an excellent job in describing the setting among other elements, such as flow between events. The ‘events’ or chapters are present in both novels. Ludlum uses three books within his novel along with thirty five chapters because The Bourne Identity is far longer than the six chapters Of Mice and Men. This technique is apparent for the sole purpose of changing locations in the story with ease; in The Bourne Identity Jason and his companion travel to different countries, and in Of Mice and Men the only change of location appears within the town and ranch. These two books were written very similarly. Both switched between first and third person depending on what the best way to tell the story was. By changing point of views, Ludlum and Steinbeck were able to develop their themes more thoroughly. The technique of changing perspectives allowed the reader to identify with the main characters, but at the same time, know vital information that would be needed to understand the story. 8. Steinbeck; 99 Robert Ludlum and John Steinbeck are exceptional authors. There novels: The Bourne Identity and Of Mice and Men, respectively, have Robert Latta’s praise. Woohoo, right? There are more positive, than negative, statements to be discussed. Particularly, Ludlum’s story is far more intriguing than Steinbeck’s. The plot and characters all are attention getters. The idea that a man with no memory has instincts that are above any normal man, and has answers to every question, except his name, is fascinating. The only downfall to Ludlum’s work appears to be the length of his novel, five hundred some odd pages, that turns out to be a lot of reading time. Steinbeck’s novel length; however, fits the taste well, only one hundred some pages. The ‘olden story’ in Steinbeck’s novel, gets negative feedback because its entire plot stimulated nothing more than closing eye lids. Praising the literary device of repetition, this gave some indication that what was being read over again would prove useful in assembling a critical evaluation essay. The repetition also forces the information into your brain, meaning it holds significance. Moreover, the theme portrayed among these two novels had some relevance with our current lives, which also served another purpose to reading them Overall, the novels ended up balancing one another. A positive recommendation can be made for both these novels because something can be learned. WORKS CITED Lectures, Mobel. â€Å"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962.† [online] http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/1962/press.html Ludlum, Robert. The Bourne Identity. New York: Richard Marek, 1975 Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York: Penguin Books, 1978

Immanuel Kant and Thomas Aquinas Essay

Immanuel Kant and Thomas Aquinas were two great philosophers who developed arguments for the existence of God and taught ways of critically assessing the natural world. They both believed that we all are born the same and learn through experience. You must first experience something in order to gain knowledge by experiencing it first. This meant that people could not be certain about something until they â€Å"saw† it first. They both believed in â€Å"free will† and that everyone could make their own choices but god had a plan that was ultimately the best. Another similarity between Kant and Aquinas was their schooling and their profession after school. They both went through extensive schooling and ultimately became teachers. The biggest difference in the two was their belief in god. Kant believed in god but did not believe there was a way to prove his existence. Aquinas spent his life trying to prove there was a way to prove his existence.. Aquinas would make logical examples that make you understand where he was coming from. â€Å"One of Thomas Aquinas’ examples begins with the idea that someone decides to build a house with deep foundations and solid supports. Obviously, that person would begin by digging the foundation, but at some point, he or she would have to stop the digging process in order to actually erect the house. This implies that the hole for the supports would have to end somewhere in the earth. Likewise, creation must be traced back to a specific point that governs and explains existence. † The most simple principle of Mills idea on utilitarianism is the greatest happiness principle, an action is right as long as it is maximizing utility. Everybody’s happiness is equal in a sense and counts as much as anyone else’s. There are some things that we are forbidden to do to other people regardless of whether the loss of that individual’s utility would be made up by increases in other people’s utility. Utility is defines as happiness, but we all have our own perception on utility. For instance, I may find happiness in fishing, or sitting around and viewing nature, but someone else may find utility in doing sadistic acts like killing puppies. The Female genital mutilation video represents utilitarianism. It was not pleasurable or beneficial to the women getting â€Å"mutilated† but they were in a sense shunned if they were not mutilated. A modern-day Robin Hood might increase society’s total utility, but theft is both legally and morally wrong. From a nature standpoint humans are the deciding factor in what has value. Where I may gain pleasure in hunting ducks, I’m sure that they are not gaining any type of value from me. Mill believed that utility â€Å"gave unity to my conception of things. I now had opinions: a creed, a doctrine, a philosophy; in one among the best senses of the word, a religion; the inculcation and diffusion of what could be made the principle outward purpose of a life. â€Å"

Kill Bill vs Hamlet

Hamlet and Kill Bill â€Å"Revenge is a dish best served cold. † The Sicilian proverb used as Kill Bill Vol. 2's tagline perfectly points out a tragic flaw shared by Shakespeare's Hamlet and Quentin Tarentino's modern hero: Bill (from Kill Bill Vol. 1 and Kill Bill Vol. 2). In Kill Bill Beatrice is a killer belonging to a team of assassins lead by a man by the name of Bill. Beatrice and her master fall in love and one night while she is on a job, she discovers she is pregnant.She realizes the world of assassins is no place for a mother and makes the decision to leave the team and leave Bill. When Beatrice does not return to him, Bill searches everywhere for her, not willing to accept she may have been killed on the job. He finally finds her only to learn that she is pregnant and about to be married! From this, Bill derives his motivation for revenge. Hamlet obviously has more of a just cause to act on, where Bill, and really all the corrupt characters in his world, act based o n selfishness.Though However much they may differ, their likeness is shown through choices made when taking their time in exacting revenge, when they let their situations drive them to madness, when they refuse to act without confirmation, and when they let their arrogance and need for revenge blind them. While similarities between Hamlet and Bill's moral standings are little to none, it is the element of revenge that reveals the shared traits that bring these men to their demise.The realization that his lover had not only left him without a single word, but had only months later been knocked up and engaged to wed, sent Bill into a maddened outrage. He confronted Beatrice outside of the church where she, her soon to be husband, and all of his family were having a wedding rehersal. He tells Beatrice he just wants to see her happy and that he'll let her go. Once Beatrice is back inside the church Bill sends in his team to kill them all. Bill walks in himself and shoots Beatrice in the head.Obviously this cruelty is nothing like the madness Hamlet experienced after finding out the truth behind his father's death. His became more of a depressed mind. He would sulk around day after day saying outlandish things to people who tried to comfort him. It seemed that suicide was not far from his thoughts. Another thing his madness led him to do was to force himself upon the one he thought he loved: Ophelia. This flaw in Bill and Hamlet's characters affected them in very different ways. However this is not surprising, for they were certainly very different people.The point is, these two men let these unfortunate happenings make them both forget their minds for a time. However rash these two men might be under the right circumstances, it is more in their nature to procrastinate. It just so happens that even with that direct shot to the head, Beatrice did not die. Bill has one of his assassins sneak into her hospital room, fully prepared to finish the job. However when the a ssassin informs him of his former lover's condition, he tells her to abort, saying, â€Å"Y'all beat the hell out of that woman, but you didn't kill her.And I put a bullet in her head, but her heart just kept on beating. We've done a lot of things to this lady. And if she ever wakes up, we'll do a whole lot more. But one thing we won't do, is sneak into her room in the night like a filthy rat, and kill her in her sleep. And the reason we won't do that thing, is because that thing would lower us. † It is safe to say that even with absolutely no regard for human life, Bill is a man of honor and integrity. Hamlet too decides to spare the life of his victim for the time being.He finds himself alone in a room with his uncle, the prey not privy to the predator's presence. However the King had just prayed for forgiveness of his sins, and Hamlet was determined to make him burn in hell. Instead of getting the job done when they had their chance, these men let their ideals and over-con fidence lead to their destruction. Bill's virtues would typically make a good man even more righteous, so naturally this quality has a negative effect towards his outcome. Because of his decision, Beatrice is allowed to wake up from her coma to find out that Bill has taken her baby.Determined to get her baby back and to get her own revenge, she sets out after Bill. Along the way, one by one, she slays her fellow assassins who have wronged her. All this time Bill has plenty of opportunities to set a trap for her or to simply find her and finish her, but he waits, just as Hamlet waits, wasting his constant access to his uncle, the King. The last bit of procrastination that only prolongs the lives of the victims, increasing the chance of failure with every permitted breath; the last tie between these two tragedies, is the need for confirmation.Rather than acting when they still had the advantage, Bill and Hamlet both insist on getting answers. When Beatrice finally makes it to Bill's h ouse, he first allows her quality time with her five year old daughter, leaving her completely vulnerable. When the girl is asleep and Beatrice leaves the room, he injects her with truth serum and questions her on everything that happened and why, all the while having access to a number of different weapons. It is not until they are both seated across from one another, both with sword in hand, that any attempt is made to kill.This is also a perfect reflection of Bill's sense of honor. In Hamlet's similar situation based on finding the truth, Hamlet refuses to make a move on the unsuspecting King until he has judged his reaction based on a play put on that closely resembles the murder of Hamlet's father. Of course after having seen the play, set up by Hamlet himself, the King sends Hamlet away to his death. In the final moments of both these tragic stories, both Bill and Hamlet meet their end. The outcomes do differ slightly.Hamlet does end up carrying out revenge on his uncle, sendi ng him to the depths of hell, while Bill's prey lives on. One thing that makes up for Bill's lack of success is that after the lethal blow had been cast upon him, he seems to realize that he had a choice between dieing and watching the one he loves die. It seemed like more of a success to him that his love got to live, and he got to spend his last moments with her. However, that is not to be taken as acceptance of death (because right up until he was critically wounded, he wanted Beatrice dead) or admittance of wrongdoing.These characters definitely have only themselves to blame for their demise. The traits of these men that led them to make bad decisions are known as their tragic flaws. Nonetheless, these so-called flaws aren't necessarily horrible attributes and definitely don't make a person bad or flawed. In fact most human beings display all these qualities in some degree. This is why, no matter what generation, nationality, race, sex, or culture; past, present, or future, we w ill always be able to relate to, and learn a great deal about ourselves from tragedy.

Saponifacation of Ethyl Acetate and Soldium Hydroxide

Ethyl Acetate – NaOH Reaction Kinetics Experiment Martin Novick Group 14, Chemical Engineering Laboratory Submitted to Prof. David B. Henthorn September 25, 2012 Summary The goal of this project was to determine the pre-exponential factor, k o , the activation energy, E, and the reaction rate constants, k, of the saponification process of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 5 temperature between 15 and 25 degrees Celsius. Two trails were performed at temperatures 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 degrees Celsius. The main equipment of the project were the jacketed beaker batch reactor and the LabPro conductivity probe.The solution’s conductivity throughout the reaction was collected and plotted in a linearized plot against time to retrieve value for each trial. The rate law was assumed to be = , where and are the concentrations of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate respectively. The ln? k) values were plotted against the inverse temperatures to ( linearize the Ar rhenius equation. The k o value and E value from the linearized Arrhenius plot were found to be 15  ± 3M ? 1 s ? 1 and ? 6402  ± 8191? j ? mol? 1 respectively. The E value being negative suggests the reaction is exothermic. The large standard errors of the and values were probably caused by the low number of data points collected or the assumed rate law was wrong. Introduction The objective of this project was to determine the pre-exponential factor, k o , the activation energy, E, and the reaction rate constants, k, of the saponification process of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Saponification is a chemical process heavily used in industry, especially in soap production.Knowing the effects of temperature on the reaction rate allows better control over the reaction process and find the optimizing point of production. The right temperature maximizes production and minimizes reactants and heating or cooling energy, finding the maximum possible profit. 2 The saponif ication of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an equi-molar reaction given as NaOH + CH3 COOCH2 CH3 > CH3 COONa + CH3 CH2 OH. [2] The rate was assumed to be second order overall, but first order relative to either reactant,[2] with the disappearance rate of sodium hydroxide given as:[4] dCOH = ? COH Cac , dt (1) where COH is the NaOH concentration, Cac is the concentration of ethyl acetate, and k is the rate constant. COH is represented with x, and Cac is assumed to be in excess with a starting concentration of a. The concentration of ethyl acetate throughout the reaction was given as Cac = a ? xo + x, where xo is the initial starting concentration of NaOH. Substituting the expressions for COH and Cac into Equation 1 results in: dx = ? kx(a ? xo + x). dt Equation 2 is then separated and integrated shown as the following: ? t dx = ? k ? dt. xo x(a ? xo + x) 0 x (2) (3)The result of equation 3 would become: ln ( xo (a ? xo + x) ) ax = kt. a ? xo (4) Since a 20% excess ethyl acetate solution was used, the initial ethyl acetate concentration was 1. 25 times of the initial starting concentration of NaOH, so a = 1. 25xo . After the substitution of a = 1. 25xo , Equation 4 was simplified to: 3 0. 2x ln ( x o + 0. 8) = kt. 0. 25xo The relationship between xo x (5) and conductivity of the solution was given as:[2] ? = , ? (6) where is the initial conductivity of NaOH before adding ethyl acetate, s the conductivity after the reaction has reached completion, and is the conductivity at any point of time during the reaction process. Substituting Equation 6 into Equation 5 gives the following: ? ln (0. 2 ? ? + 0. 8) ? = kt. 0. 25xo (7) Since , and are constants, the only variable in the left hand side of Equation 7 being . Each point can be substituted into the left hand side of Equation 7 and plotted against time to retrieve a linear plot with the slope being the k value. To find the value of the pre-exponential factor, and activation energy, , would require linearizing the Arrhenius equation given as: k = k o , where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature the given k is at in degrees Kelvin. Equation 8 is linearized by taking the natural log of both sides: ln(k) = ln(k o ) ? E . RT 1 (8) (9) to retrieve a linear plot with Equation 9 shows a linear relationship between ln(k) and 4 the y-intercept being ln( ) and the slope being . Hence: k o = ey? intercept . = ? (10) (11) Equipment, Materials, and Method The equipment used were a jacketed batch reactor beaker, cooling water circulation system, computer, LabPro temperature probe and conductivity probe, mixing stand and magnetic stir bar. The materials used for this reaction were a 0. 08M NaOH solution and a 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution. A 20% excess Ethyl acetate was used to ensure NaOH was the limiting reactant. [1] NaOH was chosen for the limiting reactant because of its high conductivity relative to Ethyl acetate. The extent of the reaction was monitored by measuring the conductivity throughout the reaction.With NaOH being the limiting reactant, the change in conductivity is more visible, and the termination of the reaction can be more easily observed. The each experimental trail was setup as shown in Figures A1 and A2 of Appendix A. The temperature and conductivity probes were completely submerged under the surface of the reacting solution. One data reading was retrieved per second. Before the reaction process begun, the cooling water circulation system was set at desired temperature and the reactants were cooled to the target temperature to keep an 5 isothermal reaction environment.In Equation 8, the k value was only a function of temperature; if temperature varied throughout the reaction, the k value would also vary throughout the reaction. The reaction was started once thermal equilibrium between the batch reactor beaker and cooling water was established. For about the first half a minute, only the conductivity of NaOH in the r eactor was collected, to ensure the initial conductivity in conductivity was more easily observed. The initial conductivity was the first conductivity point after the major drop of conductivity due to the addition of ethyl acetate.The reaction was started after about half a minute after the start of the data collection by adding the ethyl acetate. The solution was well mixed throughout the reaction to ensure a uniform temperature of the solution, to prevent any local k values being different from the overall k value. If there any temperature gradients throughout the system existed during the reaction process, there would be different local k values throughout the reactor. Data collection was terminated at least half a minute after the reaction had gone to completion, when no conductivity change was observed.The final reaction completion conductivity, , was the conductivity of the solution after the reaction has completed, and was used to find k value. Hysteresis effects were remove d by using a random number generator to determine the order of trials. 6 Results and Discussion 1. 2 1. 1 1 0. 9 ln(k) 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 00335 0. 00337 0. 00339 0. 00341 1/T (T-1) y = -4378. 4x + 15. 713 R? = 0. 7383 0. 00343 1 0. 00345 0. 00347 Figure 1 the plot of the linearized Arrhenius equation where ln( ) . The linearized Arrhenius equation plot shown in Figure 1 has a R2 value of 0. 383 suggesting the data does not have a good linear fit. The lack of data points may have been the cause of the low R2 value. The ln(k) values of the same temperature mostly seem to have small variations, but overall has the predicted trend of decreasing in ln(k) value as ?1 increases. The plot has a negative overall trend with and hence retrieving a negative E value. The negative E value suggests the release of energy as the reaction proceeds. Table B1 in appendix B shows the retrieved values of k, ko and E. The positive ko value was expected according to Equation 8.Since k valu es are linearly proportional to ko, for k values to be positive, ko must also be positive. The resulting negative E value was an expected result, since the reaction was said to be very spontaneous. The standard errors of ko and E being about 20% to 25% of the original value, suggests the data as imprecise. The imprecision of the data can also be observed from the low R2 value. 7 Looking at the imprecision of the plot in Figure 1, there is a notable difference between the k values at the same temperature for = 0. 003364 (24oC) and 1 1 = 0. 03455(16oC). This may be due to the variance in concentration of solutions since solutions were remade each laboratory day. Another possible cause maybe that the contents of solutions may have reacted with the atmosphere introducing extra contents to the reaction. The k values all have standard errors less than 1%. Figures B1 to B5 of Appendix B shows the plots of ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo used to find the k values at each temperature. The p lots all have a positive trend which is reasonable according to Equation 7.The resulting slope is the k value of that trial, and the k values cannot be negative. Also the R2 values of the plots were all above 0. 95, suggesting a good fit with the linear best fit line model. Despite the high R2 values, the a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the residual plots shown in Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, the linear property of the plots are questioned. Figure B15 of Appendix B shows an example plot of the full data from 16oC trail 1. A clear linear trend was observed from the beginning of the plot, but an obvious curve was observed from the end of the plot.This observation was probably due to the fact that as the reaction proceeded, the reaction started behaving like a first order reaction. The first order reaction behavior is because near the end of the reaction of the excess ethyl acetate concentration was much greater than the NaOH concentration and can be treated as a consta nt. With the concentration of ethyl acetate being constant the only resulting variable would be 8 the NaOH concentration. Conclusion and Recommendations The retrieved ko value and E value were 15  ± 0. 3 and ? 36402  ± 8191.Since the standard errors of ko and E values were about 20% and 25% of the original value respectively, and the R2 value was only 0. 7383 for the plot in Figure 1, the data is concluded to be imprecise and that more data points should be collected to improve the precision. The assumption of the rate being second order overall, but first order relative to either reactant was concluded to be inappropriate. Though the R2 value for all the trials were above 0. 95, because a clear parabolic trend was observed in all the residual plots, Figures B6 to B14 of Appendix B, it was concluded that all the trial data do not have a linear relationship.Since it has been concluded that the assumed rate equation, Equation 1, does not describe the reaction, a new rate equation is needed to describe the reaction. The low R2 value in Figure 1 can be improved by increasing the amount of data collected. More trails can be done at each temperature and more temperatures can be tested within the given interval. One large bulk solution can be made and used for all the trails, but stored and isolated from the atmosphere. The error caused by the variation in concentrations of the reactants at different trails can be solved by using the one large bulk of reactants.The problem of the reactants reacting with the atmosphere can be solved by isolating the reactants from the atmosphere during storage. 9 References [1] Crismyre, Bobby, Do, Bryan, and Kronmiller, Mandy. â€Å"Ethyl Acetate – NaOH Reaction Kinetics Experiment Standard Operating Procedures,† (2010) [2] Julio F. Mata-Segreda, Hydroxide as a General Base in the Saponification of Ethyl Acetate. Journal of the American Chemical Society, (2010), 124 (10), 2259-2262. [3] Keusch Fachdidaktik Chemie. à ¢â‚¬Å"Reaction Second Order,† Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universitat Regensburg. [4] Schmidt, Larry D. â€Å"The Engineering of Chemical Reactions,† 2 Ed.Press, New York (2005) Oxford University 10 APPENDIX A: Experimental Set Up Figure A 1: Shows the theoretical setup and flow of each experiment. Figure A 2: Shows the actual set up used for each experiment. 11 APPENDIX B: Experimental Results and Data Table B 1 shows the result of the desired information Set Temperature (oC) 16 (Trial 1) 16 (Trial 2) 18 (Trial 1) 20 (Trial 1) 20 (Trial 2) 22 (Trial 1) 22 (Trial 2) 24 (Trial 1) 24 (Trial 2) ( 1 ?1 ) ( ) Actual Temperature (oC) 16. 45  ± 0. 05 16. 44  ± 0. 04 18. 33  ± 0. 03 20. 30  ± 0. 05 20. 30  ± 0. 5 22. 24  ± 0. 04 22. 25  ± 0. 05 16. 45  ± 0. 05 16. 45  ± 0. 05 15  ± 3 ? 36402  ± 8191 k-values ( 1 min? 1 ) 1. 674 ±0. 001 2. 023 ±0. 001 1. 921 ±0. 002 2. 241 ±0. 002 2. 247 ±0. 003 2. 244 ±0. 006 2. 169 ±0. 002 2. 572 ±0. 003 3. 140 ±0. 002 12 25 20 y = 2. 0232x R? = 0. 9994 15 Y (L/mol) y = 1. 6744x R? = 0. 9972 10 5 0 0 2 ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 4 6 Time (min) 8 ln( 10 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 12 Figuer B 1 Plot of 0. 25xo at 16 degrees Celsius, where = 0. 25xo . 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 -2 ln( 1 +1)) 1. 25 y = 1. 9206x R? = 0. 9974 Series1 Linear (Series1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 2 Plot of 0. 25xo at 18 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo . 13 25 y = 2. 247x R? = 0. 9964 y = 2. 2407x R? = 0. 9982 Y (L/mol) 15 Trial 1 Trial 2 10 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 5 20 0 0 2 4 6 Time (min) 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 8 10 12 Figuer B 3 Plot of ln( 0. 25xo at 20 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 0. 25xo . 0 18 16 14 Y (L/mol) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 Time (min) 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 y = 2. 244x R? = 0. 9909 y = 2. 1687x R? = 0. 9985 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 6 8 10 Figuer B 4 Plot of ln( 0. 25xo at 22 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 0. 25xo . 14 25 20 y = 2. 5723x R? = 0. 9982 15 Y (L/mol) y = 3. 1405x R? = 0. 9992 Trial 1 Trial 2 Linear (Trial 1) Linear (Trial 2) 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) 5 6 7 8 Figuer B 5 Plot of ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 . 25xo at 24 degrees Celsius, where = ln( 1 ( +1)) 1. 25 0. 25xo . X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 X Variable 1 8 10 12 Figure B 6 The residual plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 15 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 X Variable 1 Figure B 7 The residual plot for 16 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 8 The residual plot for 18 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 0 -0. 4 -0. 6 X Variable 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 9 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 1. 16 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 -1 X Vari able 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure B 10 The residual plot for 20 degrees Celsius Trial 2. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1. 5 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 -0. 5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X Variable 1 Figure B 11 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 8 0. 6 Residuals 0. 4 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X Variable 1 Figure B 12 The residual plot for 22 degrees Celsius Trial 12 7 X Variable 1 Residual Plot 1 Residuals 0. 5 0 0 -0. 5 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 13 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 1. X Variable 1 Residual Plot 0. 6 0. 4 Residuals 0. 2 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 0 1 2 3 4 X Variable 1 5 6 7 8 Figure B 14 The residual plot for 24 degrees Celsius Trial 2. 140 120 100 Y (L/mol) 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Time (min) Figure B 15 The plot of all the data from 16oC trail 2 18 APPENDIX C: Sample Calculations Volume of 1M NaOH solution needed to prepare 300mL 0. 08M NaOH solution: 0. 3 ? 0. 08 = 0. 024 = 24 Volume of ethyl acetate needed to prepare a 300mL 0. 1M ethyl acetate solution: 1000 88. 105 3 0. 001 0. 10 ? ? ? ? ? 0. 3 = 2. 96 0. 897 3 Finding E value: Calculating the k value for time being 1 minute in trial 2 of 16 degrees: = ? = ? 2904. 9 ? 8. 3145 = ? 24153 1 ? ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 ? 0. 25xo 1 16324. 71 ? 4698. 16 ln ( ( + 1)) 1. 25 8259. 03 ? 4698. 16 0. 25(0. 8) = kt = = 14. 89 19APPENDIX D: Error Analysis If the result (R) is calculated by the following equation: = ? where is the exponent of the independent variable, . The standard error would be calculated by the following equation: 2 2 = (? ( ) ) 1 (1) (2) where is taken from equation 5, is the standard error of each individual independent variable. Since the equation used is the following: ? ln (0. 8 ( ? ? + 1)) ? 0. 25 = , 3) where is the rate constant, is the initial conductivity, is the conductivity at the end of the reaction, is the conductivity at any time, and is the initial concentration of the NaOH s olution. The error of the right hand side of equation 3 with = 36. 662 is show as the follow: 36. 662 (( 0. 0339 ) ) = 15. 536. 0. 08 1 2 2 was given the value of 0. 08 with an uncertainty of  ±0. 0339. The reaction rate constant, k, were found by the best fit line of the plot, so the uncertainty of the k were found by taking the linear regression.The rate constant was the slope of the best fit line making the calculation of the error with a 95% confidence level as: = 1. 96 ? , v? 2 ? 2 Where , is the standard error of estimate, is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and = ? =1 , (4) . As for the y intercept, or the activation energy, the error with a 95% confidence level would be: 20 = 1. 96 ? , v 1 (? )2 + 2 , (? 2 ? 2 ) (5) Where , is the standard error of estimate, is the x values of the plot, n being the number of points, and = ? =1 . The standard error of estimate, , , seen in both equation 4 and equation 5 is given as: , =v ? ( ? )2 , ? 2 (6) where is the y value of the points, is the corresponding y value on the best fit line, and n is the number of data points.