Special Education Placement in Public Schools Essay examples

Special Education Placement in Public Schools History of Public Schools Before the 1840’s the education system was only available to wealthy people. Individuals such as Horace Mann from Massachusetts and Henry Barnard in Connecticut believed that schooling for everybody would help individuals become productive citizens in society. Through their efforts, free public education at the elementary level become assessable for all children in American by late 19th century. By 1918 all states passed laws that required children to attend elementary school. The Catholics were against this law, so they created their own private schools. In 1925 the Supreme Court passed a law that allowed children to attend private school rather than public school†¦show more content†¦These intelligences are Bodily-kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Musical, Naturalistic and Spatial. Garner believed â€Å"A single number (a score on an IQ test) cannot adequately represent the complex and diverse capabilities of a human being † (Oregon Technology in Education Council, 2011). Garner’s theory is related to how students learn and how they can develop skills in certain areas. These different types of intelligences are critical to the growth of students in the classroom. Robert Steinberg’s Triarchiac Theory also contains multiple intelligences, such as Practical Intelligence, Creative Intelligence and Analytical Intelligences. These various intelligences adopts many all the same ideas as Howard Garner’s theory, but the difference is Steinberg does not focus on one specific type of intelligence, but he is more focused on helping the student enhance their skills. Steinberg believed that intelligence can be learned through more practice and study. David Perkins explains IQ in three components, Neural Intelligence, Experiential Intelligence and Reflective Intelligence. Perkins theory discusses different types of intelligences like Steinberg and Garner. Perkins argues that education can be improved by incorporating more advanced studies in the classroom (Oregon Technology in Education Council, 2011). Question to Encourage Higher OrderShow MoreRelatedA Free Appropriate Public Education Essay709 Words   |  3 Pages1. A Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE):† All children with disabilities, regardless of the type or severity of their disability, shall receive a free, appropriate public education. This education must be provided at public expense—that is, without cost to the child’s parents. An individualized education program (IEP) must be developed and implemented to meet the unique needs of each student with a disability. The IEP specifies the child’s unique educational needs, states present levels ofRead MoreWho Decides Where Jerry Goes For School? Family And Educator Conflict From Special Education Placement Essay767 Words   |  4 PagesGoes to School? Family and Educator Conflict in Special Education Placement† by John J. Steffen and Joanne M. Marshall (2006). The school and district’s administrators are facing a conflict with the placement of a special education student. After being diagnosed with several medical disabilities which affected his behavior, the student struggled to achieve success in the initial placement that was chosen for his academic experiences as part of his inclusion in the Exceptional Student Education (ESE)Read MoreThe Individual With Disabilities Act974 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual with Disabilities Act (IDEA, 2001) is the federal act enacted to ensure all students with disabilities receive a free appropriate public education (FAPE). Once a student has received the proper assessments and is found eligible for services an IEP is written to address student weaknesses. Mandates in IDEA (2001) oversee how states and other public agencies provide early intervention and related services to students in need. As part of IDEA, students with disabilities are required to beRead More Discipline and Students with Disabilities Essay906 Words   |  4 Pages Public Law 94-142: The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, now called Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), requires states to provide free, appropriate public education (FAPE) for every child regardless of disability. This federal law was the first to clearly define the rights of disabled children to receive special education services if their disability affects their educational performance. A parent of a special education student also has basic rights under IDEAR ead MoreEvolution of Special Needs Essay example993 Words   |  4 Pagesin the shoes of parents with special needs children. I have two beautiful healthy daughters and to think about being pregnant and expecting to deliver your bundle of joy and when she arrives you find out something is wrong. You can look at her and tell she is different, but you just do not want to accept it. It saddens me to think how any parent would feel in this situation. In my research about the historical evolution of special education I found most special needs children were sent a wayRead MoreInclusion Of Special Needs For Students With Disabilities Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesstructuring the education system to include students with disabilities, there has being an ongoing research topic of inclusion. Inclusion, in this area, means the full inclusion of students with special needs in the general education classroom . The research and the debates about the issue of whether or not there should be full inclusion of Special Education students in all general education classrooms in all public schools throughout the United States rages on. The number of students with special needs thatRead MoreInclusion Of Special Needs For Students With Disabilities1173 Words   |  5 Pagesstructuring the education system to include students with disabilities, there has being an ongoing research topic of inclusion. Inclusion, in this area, means the full inclus ion of students with special needs in the general education classroom. The research and the debates about the issue of whether or not there should be full inclusion of Special Education students in all general education classrooms in all public schools throughout the United States rages on. The number of students with special needs thatRead MoreExceptional Children: Children with Physical Disabilities or Sensory Impairments968 Words   |  4 PagesThe differences among most children are quite minor, allowing them to benefit from the general education program. Heward (2014) stated that the physical characteristics and/or learning characteristics of exceptional children differ from the norm, either above or below, to such an extent that they require an individualized program of special education and related services to get full value from education. The term exceptional children include children who have difficulties in understanding and learningRead MoreThe Individuals With Disabili ties Education Act1711 Words   |  7 PagesIndividuals with Disabilities Education Act and the Meaning of â€Å"Free Appropriate Public Education† for Students with Disabilities is detailed below: Congress passed the IDEA in 1975 to ensure that children with disabilities had the opportunity to receive an appropriate education. To qualify for federal funding under the Act, a state must demonstrate that it has a policy in effect that â€Å"assures all handicapped children the right to a free appropriate education.†6 IDEA requires school districts to teach childrenRead MoreThe Individuals With Disabilities Act846 Words   |  4 Pagesthat requires schools to serve the educational needs of eligible students with disabilities† (Lee, 2014). IDEA was first put into place to protect the rights of children with disabilities and serves students from when they are infants through high school graduation or when they turn the age of 21. Because of IDEA, all children, including those with disabilities, are entitled to a free and appropriate public education (FAPE). IDEA also requires all students to get their education in the least restrictive

The Media s Influence On Suicide Rates - 1885 Words

The Media’s Influence on Suicide Rates Over the years, the publication of deaths has changed. There has been a general increase of media coverage around deaths surrounding suicides due to the increasing growth of social media and technology. A critical review on literature will analyze how publicized suicides in the media have influenced societal suicide rates. The literature reviewed will be analyzed in comparison to models of suicide from Emile Durkheim and Edwin Shneidman. The large theoretical issue of suicidal deaths will be examined in comparison to current literature precise to suicide coverage within the media. The media is a strong outlet that can influence the attitudes of society. With an addition of celebrity media coverage, it provides an even stronger media outlet. The coverage of celebrity suicides broadcasted through mass media impact’s societies by having a negative impact on attitudes of individuals causing an increase in suicide rates. Models of Suicide The death of a role model can affect fans of a celebrity in many ways. Edwin Shneidman created a cubic model classifying the three factors that influence suicide. He believed factors he termed as press, psychache and perturbation to be predictors of suicidal behaviour (Hadad, 2008). The term press, referred to positive or negative events that can affect the individual. Negative events such as large exposure to a highly idolized celebrity suicide can interpret negative emotions to an individual, which canShow MoreRelatedYouth Suicide in Australia: A Report Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesdone enough to prevent youth suicide by showing the background and social significance of the issue. Furthermore, the participants involved and their controversial opinions related to the issue will be analyzed in this report as well. 2. The issue and the Background to the Issue Since the mid to late 1990’s, youth suicide has become a common cause of death for young Australians (Carter 2010 para. 1). The government then acted and managed to reduce the suicide rate, which was a success (Carter 2010Read MoreThe Main Environmental And Emotional Causes And Crisis Intervention Of Teen Suicide Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will discuss the main environmental and emotional causes and crisis intervention of teen suicide based on experimental facts and assessment studies. In today’s society, suicide rates continue to rise amongst teens. In some suicide cases, family and friends are caught completely off guard as signs can be misinterpreted. Why does suicide come as a surprise to family and friends and what can be done to decrease the record high will be one of the points within this paper. Early recognitionRead MoreThe Effects Of Internet On Young People At Risk Of Suicide1171 Words   |  5 PagesThere is concern that the Internet is pla ying an increasing role in suicide. Youth who self harm or are suicidal often make use of the internet. It is commonly used for helpful reasons such as searching for support or for coping mechanisms, but it can exert a negative effect, standardizing suicidal behavior or preventing disclosure or discouraging seeking help from metal health professionals. The internet has created online communities that can be used as support, and communities that can be misusedRead MoreJosee Young . Eng Iv B 1St Hr. May 19, 2017. Suicide1564 Words   |  7 PagesJosee Young Eng IV B 1st hr May 19, 2017 Suicide One of the questions sociologists have attempted to answer is. â€Å" What drives people to commit suicide? Most teens who have been interviewed after a suicide attempt say that what causes teen suicide are feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Suicide is when a person end his or her own life. Studies show that at least 90% of teens who kill themselves have some type of mental health problem, suchRead MoreMexican Society in the eyes of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim1118 Words   |  5 Pagesto explore a current event in Mexican society and the influence of social media which we attempt to view through the eyes of both Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. We will focus on Karl Marx’s conflict theory of capitalism and Emile Durkheim’s structural functionalism theory of dynamic density. Both theories remain relevant today, and a correlation exists regarding the effect of social media on egoistic versus altruistic states of anomic suicide in present society. In summation of the article, the MexicanRead Moreweb dubois1041 Words   |  5 Pagessocial issues such as suicide? How does the psychological perspective view suicide? What is unique about the sociologist s perspective? On a social issue such as suicide, cultures differ because many people feel this is a personal problem whereas others feel that this can be a public issue. If a person commits suicide, it may have been as a result of his or her personal problems. In a larger society, this suicide is a public issue because the person who committed suicide is not the only one thatRead MoreMedia Eating Disorders1607 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The aim of this literature review is to describe the main causes of eating disorders among teenagers aged 12 to 18 years old in high schools globally, and to also explain to what extend do some of these causes influence eating disoders. Recent studies have indicated a major increase in the eating disorder habits and body dissatisfaction in adolescence over the past few decades. This crisis seems most prevalent in females`` than males with 20 percent high school females exhibiting poorRead MoreGun Control Is Not Regulated Now Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesour neighborhoods and environments to establish healthy relations within the community, to reduce the influence of firearms to children at a young age, especially by social and mass media and greatly reduce the rate of death around us by firearms. This can be achieved by establishing new laws within society, that will lead to a change in certain behaviors, thus reducing firearm influential rate. Some critics tend to argue that enforcing stricter laws such as on hand guns is a violation of theirRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Is A Convenient Excuse1152 Words   |  5 Pageswith young people, at home, at school, in religious communities - and yes, even in the media - about sex and sexuality in ways that help them understand and believe that they have a choice: the choice to be teens before becoming teen parents.† Neither the media content or country should be blamed for the influence of teen pregnancy. The rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States is often blamed on social media, whoever this is not the case. According to Elizabeth Schroeder’s article Blaming TVRead MoreDo Western Diets and Lifestyle Negatively Affect People’s Health?1489 Words   |  6 Pagesexercise lead to the fact that people get disease like obesity, high blood pressure, and some cancers which are hazardous to people’s health. Another reason for the harmful effects of western diets and lifestyle is western lifestyle has passive influence on people’s mental health. First, high stress in work and bad habits like smoking and drinking may lead to more risk of mental illness. As everyone knows, it is the important identification of western lifestyle which includes intemperance, smoking

Curley and Slim in Of Mice and Men free essay sample

‘Of Mice and Men’, written by John Steinbeck, is a novel set in 1930s California and tells the story of two migrant workers, George Milton and Lennie Small, who move from ranch to ranch looking for work during the Great Depression. This novel is set while George and Lennie are in a small working ranch in the Salinas Valley of northern California, and over a period of 3 days we are introduced to a variety of characters that also live on the ranch. This essay will show how Steinbeck develops and presents two of the minor characters; Curley, the boss’ son, and Slim, the jerkline skinner. The introductory paragraphs of these two characters are interesting because they are highly contrasted. We are first introduced to Curley, â€Å"a thin, young man† on page 46. The use of the word â€Å"thin† (as opposed to Lennie’s opening description of being George’s â€Å"huge companion†) implies that he is delicate, fragile, weak, and the word â€Å"young† suggests he is brash, arrogant, and connotes naivety. We will write a custom essay sample on Curley and Slim in Of Mice and Men or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, Curley is immediately compared with his father, the boss of the ranch. A few pages before, on page 41, we are introduced to the first description of the boss, in which it says â€Å"on his head was a soiled brown Stetson hat, and he wore high heeled boots and spurs to prove he was not a labouring man. † Curley, â€Å"like the boss†, also wears high heeled boots. Steinbeck deliberately uses the word â€Å"prove† as it instantly demonstrates to the reader that Curley’s position in the ranch is extremely important to him he wants everyone to know that he is the boss’ son; however he needs to show he holds power over the others, rather than naturally receiving this authority. Steinbeck, in my opinion, has used imagery to try and show the connection the boss and his son have by them wearing the same shoes. This adds to the development of the character because from our first view of him we already see a man who wants to dominate and control. Candy says Curley â€Å"won’t ever get canned ‘cause his old man’s the boss†, which is a good example of social injustice and corruption – a theme that runs throughout ‘of Mice and Men. ’ Steinbeck is trying to show, through Curley, that even the people with a position of power and wealth can still lead the unhappiest of lives, and that these two things aren’t the main necessities of life. The first mention of Slim comes from Candy (otherwise known as ‘the swamper’), and not from the narrator, who says â€Å"Slim’s a jerkline skinner. Hell of a nice fella. Slim don’t need to wear no high heeled boots. † Steinbeck therefore implies that Slim is of a higher authority than Curley, as he doesn’t need to â€Å"prove† his status by wearing high heeled boots, but gains it naturally. This is a trait that, throughout the novella, Curley is clearly extremely envious of. As a reader you are persuaded towards a certain viewpoint by the other ranch members, and so before you have even met Slim you already see him as â€Å"God-like. † Slim makes his first appearance on page 56, where it says â€Å"a tall man stood in the doorway. † Steinbeck seems to use body size as an indicator of who holds the power in the ranch. Candy says Curley is â€Å"alla time picking scraps with big guys. Kind of like he’s mad at ‘em because he ain’t a big guy† which demonstrates that Curley is constantly trying to appear bigger and tougher than he really is; he believes that the reason he doesn’t have the authority he should for being the boss’ son is because of his height. Slim, on the other hand, has naturally got a big build another way that Steinbeck presents Slim as gaining authority without trying. Steinbeck goes on to describe Slim in a manner that no other character received. Whereas with the other characters the focalizer seems to be perceived from a distance, with Slim it shifts into the perspective of almost a best friend; and the narrator uses compelling emotion to describe him affectionately. This change of perspective indicates to the reader that Slim is an important character in the novella, therefore foreshadowing the fact that he may play a major part in the future. Steinbeck says that Slim is the â€Å"prince of the ranch† and that he â€Å"moved with a majesty only achieved by royalty. † Steinbeck’s deliberate use of the word â€Å"prince† instantly shows us that Slim is the usurper of Curley’s position: Curley, as the son of the â€Å"king† of the ranch should, technically, be known as the â€Å"prince†, yet Slim has been accepted as this. Steinbeck uses the Stetson hat to show Slim’s status, as the hat symbolises a crown. We begin to get an understanding of why Curley is jealous of Slim; Slim is everything Curley wishes to be. Steinbeck always talks of Slim with dignity, majesty and respect, and manages to show how talented he is by using an ascending tri-colon to talk about Slims difficult job as a jerkline skinner. â€Å"He was capable of driving ten, sixteen, even twenty mules with a single line to the leaders. † This heightens the impressiveness of Slims skilled work, and could be interpreted as Slim was a hard worker, who had achieved his authoritative position by being skilled at the hardest job on the farm. However, Steinbeck could also be saying that the â€Å"mules† represent the ranchers, and that Slim is able to control and lead all the ranchers using the littlest force possible, as opposed to Curleys harsh and more physical attempts at controlling them. Steinbeck also says â€Å"there was gravity in his [Slims] manner. † The use of the word â€Å"gravity† is interesting because it could be perceived as saying that his manner was serious and solemn, but on the other hand it could be referring to the fact that the other ranchers naturally gravitate towards Slim as their leader. It could also be linked to Slim’s size, as the larger an object is, the bigger the gravitational pull. Steinbeck also describes Slim as â€Å"understanding†, a characteristic we see later on when George confides in Slim. Despite Slims elevated status, Steinbeck manages to present Slim as a representation of migrant workers. By describing him as ‘royalty’ and a ‘master craftsmen’, he is immediately elevated above the rest of the ranchers, however he then deliberately uses phrases â€Å"like the others† (when talking about what he wears) to show that Slim is still part of the microcosm of the social standings of that time. We can compare the clothes Slim wears (blue jeans and a denim jacket), to the clothes that George and Lennie are wearing. Not only that, but this also backs up the point that Slim has earned power by just being himself – he doesn’t act any different from the others, nor does he elevate himself above the rest, yet he still gains their respect. From the start, Steinbeck makes Slim above the other men and this continues until the end of the novel. One of the main themes of ‘of Mice and Men’ is the idea of the American Dream. Each of the characters at least once in the book talk about a dream they wish to fulfil; a dream that would enable them to follow their own desires and be forever content with their life. George and Lennie often talk about owning a farm, and Curley’s wife tells Lennie just before her death that she dreams of becoming an actress. Slim, however, is the only character who never mentions a life he wishes he had, and ignores the illusory promise of dreams he knows will never come true. He accepts the life he leads and strives to do it well, rather than wishing for something better. Steinbeck himself never believed in the American Dream, in his lifetime he witnessed many immigrants moving to America in the hope of achieving this ‘American Dream’ and failing. Through the character of Slim, Steinbeck is trying to tell the reader that dreaming for things that are unrealistic is a waste of time, and you will get more out of life if you are grateful and satisfied with the life you lead. Steinbeck uses Curley’s eye contact with the other characters to indicate what his personality is like. Upon meeting Lennie for the first time, Curley’s eyes â€Å"stopped† and he â€Å"glanced coldly† at George and then at Lennie. Already, Curley is trying to act authoritative, and he seems to think that making this first impression on George and Lennie will put him in a position of power. These both have negative connotations, and give the reader the impression that Curley is judgemental and bitter. â€Å"His glance was at once calculating and pugnacious† just from once glance, Steinbeck is showing that Curley already wants a fight with the newcomer. However, the words â€Å"calculating†, â€Å"stiffened† and â€Å"gingerly† that Steinbeck then uses contrast this, and give the reader the impression that he is, in fact, nervous, unsure and frightened. What’s more, is despite the fact that Lennie is a lot larger than Curley (a reason as to why Curley was scared to fight him), he is still â€Å"squirming under the look† that Curley was giving him. This implies that Curley was looking down on him, an act people do when trying to coming across as dominant. This is yet another attempt to come across as bigger, tougher, and more powerful than he really is. Steinbeck deliberately uses eye contact to show the development and relationship change between Curley and Lennie from when they first meet and just after their first physical conflict. At first, Curley â€Å"stared levelly† at Lennie, but after the fight on page 93, Curley â€Å"avoided looking† at Lennie. This is probably because Curley has just lost the fight to Lennie, as Lennie crushed his hand without really trying, neither of them realising the strength Lennie beholds. This links to Steinbeck’s idea of the impossibility of the American Dream and the harsh reality that these dreams don’t come true – Curley’s dream is to have authority, therefore Lennie not only crushed his hand, but at the same time he crushed Curley’s dream of gaining the social status he so desires. We are now introduced to the weaker, not-so-tough side of Curley, and here Steinbeck allows the reader to see through this fake image that Curley is aiming to give across to the others. It is interesting how Steinbeck uses Curley’s eye contact with the other ranchers to impose power and to give the reader an insight into his true personality, and how the other characters use their own eyes to see through this facade of Curley’s. The fact that it was Curley’s hand that was crushed in the fight is also very significant. Curley is often described as â€Å"handy†, suggesting his ability and eagerness to fight. Within the same conversation, Curley’s hands are referred too again, saying that Curley keeps one hand â€Å"soft for his wife† by covering it with a â€Å"glove fulla Vaseline. † Curley is forever trying to prove his masculinity to the others, and one major way that he does this is by having one hand kept free for his wife and the other kept free for a fight. Therefore, it is clear why having his hand crushed was so humiliating for Curley as this action automatically emasculated him. Having two working hands is also a necessity for working on the farm, and we see another character, Candy, unable to work on the ranch due to the loss of one hand. His fellow ranchers think of him as weak, so the fact that Curley has now also lost the use of one hand automatically makes him appear even more insubstantial to the others. Hands are also used symbolically throughout the novel for the other characters aswell. In contrast, Slim’s hands are â€Å"large and lean† and as â€Å"delicate in their action as those of a temple dancer. † This simile suggests that his hands were talented in what they do, yet also delicate, making him sound somewhat feminine. â€Å"Delicate† also connotes words such as gentle, kind and considerate – words that could be used when describing Slim’s personality. Another way that Steinbeck presents the characters of Curley and Slim is through animalistic imagery. He describes Curley as a â€Å"terrier†. Terriers are small, agile and aggressive – traits that Curley possesses. Furthermore, terriers were traditionally bred to hunt, and will go to extreme lengths to catch their prey, and perhaps Steinbeck is using this to connote Curley wanting to hunt down Lennie†¦ Terriers also have extremely strong jaws and when they bite something they do not let go of it, which is also demonstrating the fact that Curley will not stop until he gets what he wants. Steinbeck uses the simile â€Å"flopping like a fish† to describe Curley after the fight. The verb â€Å"flopping† suggests that Curley is now defenceless, and has no control of his body movements. The image of how fish are caught also reinforces how Curley was completely defenceless until Lennie let go of his hold; there is no release for a fish until the hook is removed. Fish only â€Å"flop† when they are in an unnatural habitat; thus illustrating that Curley was out of his comfort zone, and not equipped well enough to survive a fight with Lennie. Overall, Steinbeck uses many different techniques to develop these two minor characters and use them to reflect his own attitudes. He uses Curley as a representation of the fact that it is not only the poor who lead a bleak and unhappy life, but also the people who constantly crave more than what they’ve got. Through Slim, he shows that you are more likely to succeed and live a fulfilled life if you accept and appreciate your life as it is. As the narrator, Steinbeck is able to make the reader admire Slim before they have even been introduced to him. By contrasting Slim’s introduction to Curley’s introduction, the reader from the start is swayed into thinking that these two men represent the good and the evil. Steinbeck subtly uses eye contact and animalistic imagery to show two things; how the characters contrast and how Curley develops throughout the novel, from a seemingly strong, arrogant person to one who is weak and unhappy. Although these two characters only have a small part, they play a big role in how the novel pans out and have a big effect on all the other characters.

Report on Robi Introduction free essay sample

Robi, formerly known as Telekom Malaysia International (Bangladesh), commenced its operation in 1997 under the brand name Robi among the pioneer GSM mobile telecommunications service providers in Bangladesh. Later, on 28th March, 2010 the company started its new journey with the brand name Robi. About our Shareholders: Robi is a Joint Venture company between Axiata Group Berhad (70%) and NTT DOCOMO INC. (30%) Axiata Group Axiata is one of the largest Asian telecommunication companies focused on high growth low penetration emerging markets. The Group, including its subsidiaries and associates, has over 130 million mobile subscribers in Asia and serves the needs of Asia by providing affordable and innovative mobile services covering over 1. 5 billion people across 10 countries. The Group provides employment to over 25,000 people across Asia. NTT Docomo NTT DOCOMO is Japans premier provider of leading-edge mobile voice, data and multimedia services. With more than 56 million customers in Japan, the company is one of the worlds largest mobile communications operators. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Robi Introduction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Building on a solid foundation of research and development, and guided by its customer-first philosophy, the company leverages the power of mobile communications to enable customers to enrich Page 1 of 5 Miscellaneous Policy Robi Axiata Limited HR Policy Manual Proposed By : Chief Human Resources Officer Approved By: Management Council Effective : 01 July 2011 Version : 01 Document ID: RAx/HR/001/11 their lives. DOCOMO is expanding its global reach through offices and subsidiaries in Asia, Europe and North America, as well as strategic alliances with mobile and multimedia service providers in markets worldwide. Our Purpose WE EMPOWER YOU: We are there for you, where you want and in the way you want, in order to help you develop, grow and make the most of your lives through our services. Our Guiding Principles and Code of Conduct Maintaining the highest ethical standards and integrity in our operations is a crucial factor at Robi. Therefore we have introduced our Guiding Principles that we expect our employees to embed in their minds and uphold in discharging their responsibilities. Our Code of Business Ethics safeguards our ethical standards by clearly defining our way of working. With such systems in place we ensure that we do business with a conscience and safeguard our employees from exploitation. We expect our employees to exemplify the guiding principles in their work and regulate their actions by the stipulations in the Code of Conduct. Robi employees hold themselves accountable to a set of Guiding Principles for the organization. Our Guiding Principles are at the core spot of our action†¦ action that will empower us to achieve excellence! No matter what we do, in order to realize our purpose, we hold ourselves accountable to the following overarching guiding Principles for our rganization: Page 2 of 5 Miscellaneous Policy Robi Axiata Limited HR Policy Manual Proposed By : Chief Human Resources Officer Approved By: Management Council Effective : 01 July 2011 Version : 01 Document ID: RAx/HR/001/11 We will be Creative in our way of work We will be Open to ideas and change, We will be Respectful and earn respect We will be Ethical in our endeavors We will take a Simple approach in the way we work With Passion we will perform We will take Ownership of our actions Being Transparent will be our stance Our Code of Conduct sets out the fundamental standards to be followed by us in our everyday actions on behalf of the Company. We must abide the following code of conduct: †¢ Conduct the Company’s business with honesty and integrity and in a professional manner. Build relationships with customers, vendors and fellow employees based on trust and treat every individual with respect and dignity. Become familiar with and comply with the Company policies and procedures. Avoid any activities that could involve or lead to involvement in any unlawful practice or any harm to the Company’s reputation or image. Avoid actual or potential conflicts of interests in all transactions. Provide accurate and reliable information in records submitted; safeguard the Company’s confidential information. Promptly report to the Company any violations of law or Company policies that come to the employee’s attention, and cooperate fully in any audit, enquiry, review or investigation by the Company. . †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Page 3 of 5 Miscellaneous Policy Robi Axiata Limited HR Policy Manual Proposed By : Chief Human Resources Officer Approved By: Management Council Effective : 01 July 2011 Version : 01 Document ID: RAx/HR/001/11 All employees must uphold these standards in the conduct of company business. If a decision is not covered by the Code, seek guidance from the Divisional Heads or Human Resources. Our approach to People The purpose of Robi is â€Å"empowering you† – our customers, our stakeholder, and our employees. It is HR’s vision to handhold the company, be its strategic partner, adding value in each step taken towards making Robi the employer of choice. We engage our employees and inspire them to achieve excellence. To ensure excellence, we devise people policies that are relevant and rigorous. Our policies assure that decisions will be consistent with and contributive to Company objectives. The Policy manual is an important guide for management in decision-making that affects employees terms of employment, working conditions and development prospects. The Manual truly belongs to the company as well as to the employee. Characteristics of this Manual The Manual has the following essential characteristics: †¢ Robi people olicies are consistent with the Company’s other policies such as finance policy, business policy. The policies are reflected with the countrys existing law to ensure fairness. †¢ †¢ †¢ Policies are fair, flexible and realistic. Policies and procedures will be reviewed when there are major changes. People policies are applicable for all permanent employees of the Company. The policies are clearly stated so that employees can clearly understand them. Also HR will make necessary policy interpretations to the employees. Page 4 of 5 Miscellaneous Policy Robi Axiata Limited HR Policy Manual Proposed By : Chief Human Resources Officer Approved By: Management Council Effective : 01 July 2011 Version : 01 Document ID: RAx/HR/001/11 Policy Amendment process HR existing policies may be reviewed and will be revised in the policy manual. The Head of HR will review existing people policies and procedures and recommend for necessary changes in it. Also HR will assess and examine the need for introducing any new policy issues and bring those to the notice of the Management Council. The ultimate decision and approval rest on the management authority. Once the management council approves any new policy or amendments to existing policy, it will become the part of the Robi People policies Procedures Manual. Notwithstanding anything contained in this manual, the Management Council has the discretionary power to make exceptions to any of the policy of this manual. It is very important that all concerned understand and comply with the people policies at the work place. Non-compliance of Company policy is clearly violation of policy and merits disciplinary actions. Page 5 of 5 Miscellaneous Policy